International Industrial Relations - Convergence and Divergence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2434 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Analytics Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Globalization Essay Did you like this example? I. INTRODUCTION There has been a growing interest in the issue of globalization, internationalization, best practices adoption and its impacts on the convergence of national employment relations system. Many scholars concludes that at the industry level, the needed changes to be more flexible and internationally competitive has led to several common patterns in term of employment relations. Meanwhile, others argue that cross-national variations such as culture, economic stage of development, institutions workers, behavioral mindset still exist and constitutes diversity within and between nations. This essay will review some of the most relevant literature, research and debates surrounding the topic as well as explore different viewpoints in order to make an insightful understanding of these processes. The paper will also compare and contrast two of three most dominant national models: Anglo-American and Japanese model (another is Rhineland-German model) as a case to reflec t how convergence and divergence in term of employment relations system moving unstoppable. II. CONVERGENCE – COMING TOGETHER 1. Globalization Impact Convergence of employment relations system across national borders was predicted in the early days by many scholars. They stated that globalization and international trade may put pressure on firms to standardize practices and policies. Convergence theory was developed by American Harbison and Myers (1959) and Kerr et al. (1960). They view similar political and economic systems is the result of industrialization process and rapid growth of advanced technology. While the theory itself does not specify on industrial relations or human resource management, but its approach can be applied to gain understanding of the issue. Globalizations impacts on HRM come via the opening and penetration of economies to external forces. This is two-way process, with both indigenous firms and multinational enterprise adopt each others HRM pra ctice. For example, foreign direct investment (FDI) promote new HRM practice from home country to host country (home-country effect) or alliances/ mergers and acquisitions between organizations facilitate the personnel transfer/relocation, in turn lead to potential convergence. Kerrs view in the 19060s received criticism due to the over-simplification of industrial development, too much emphasis to the technology impact. Nevertheless, Kerr and other scholars like MAcDuffie (1995) argued that the forces of convergence was more likely to overwhelm national differences. 2. Best Practice Effect Convergence theorists also debate the spread of best practice effect and benchmarking. What is considered best practice is subjective and variable between authors, sectors and time. To simplify, we can take Gennard and Judge (1993)s defined best practice (in employee relations) as managing by behaving in a fair and reasonable manner which help to add value to the business. They assumed that firm across nations would have to converge to best practice, otherwise losing the competitive advantages. From the industrial relations perspective, it means that HRM system need a more comprehensive and integrated mechanism, rather than a pick and mix of few practices in order to gain their performance (Pfeffer, 1994). It is also important to notice that best practice benchmarking occur in two different scales: internal or individual firm practice, for instance the use of particular technology, production system, labor division, inventory management system, etc and external or inter-firm practice, such as customers and suppliers relations, related industries collaboration or educational institution relations. Furthermore, universal-type theorists believe internationalization forces (political, socio, economic and technological/STEP) will push national system, including industrial relations and HRM towards uniformity. It is argued that all countries are influenced by these fa ctors therefore government will provide similar responsibilities regarding to workforce, infrastructure and competition for international investment (Salamon ,1997). In short, the transfer of universal best practices around the world resulting in convergence system, both at enterprise (internal and inter-firm) and national (constitutional and industry) level. 3. US Japan Case The next part of paper will analysis, compare and contrast between two very different nations: Japan and U. S. A in term of employment relations and corporate governance model, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This would be an example to illustrate how the convergence process varies during the time periods. Japanese companies were relatively organization-oriented, meaning that employment was of extended duration and turnover low, training was extensive; and internal considerations equity, seniority-dominated decision making on wages and allocations. Stakeholder corporate governance and enter prise unions supported the firm s organizations orientation, All these implies centralized HR function in Japan. On the other hand, U. S s employment practice tended to be more market-oriented with shorter job duration and higher turnover, low training expenditures, pay and allocation based on ongoing rates and other external criteria. Corporate governance privileged shareholders, and unions were either industrial in orientation or did not exist. HR function is decentralized in U. S. In the 1980s, the flow of management was from east to west, with the idea of Japanization of work organization, quality systems and industry relations. During this period, U. S economy struggled, productivity declined, inflation rose while Japan experienced one of most glorious days of economy. American realized they should learn the Japanese economy model of high levels of coordination between business and government, well-balance between stakeholders, highly trained workers as well as just-in-ti me method. However, in the 1990s, the flow has reversed with Japanese companies experienced pressures to adapt U. S- style corporate governance and market-oriented employment practice. U. S now enjoys macroeconomic success, generate millions of new jobs while Japan and Europe experienced slow growth and high level of unemployment. American model with flexible employment arrangements, shareholder sovereignty, decentralized companies recaptured the lead as slower-growing peers such as Japan and Europe regarding the model as the best. Generally, this two economies become more aware of each other, they compare themselves and more likely to adopt each others practices, especially at the level of the industry in which they complete. For example, U. S investors are active in Japan, trying to persuade local executives to adopt U. S- style business practices, just as U. S policy makers have been urging the Japanese government to emulate American laws regarding trade, commerce and intel lectual property. On the other hand, Japanese firms have made huge amount of investment in U. S and have considerable U. S based employees who adopt to Japanese-style practices. Over time, the U. S and Japanese firms resembled each other and this could be considered a type of convergence. However, not all ideas were borrowed. The Meiji reformers in Japan during nineteenth century picked and chose the national models that were considered best practice of the day, but they favored those that fit with Japanese characteristics. For instance, French police system over the English version. As in 1980s, Japanese learn about the American superior economic system, but only those elements that best fit with Japanese practice. Japanese labor law is an example of how Japanese borrow American elements but still preserve their underlying structure. . Limitation of universalistic theory Convergence theory is contradictory as criticism states that they are too simplistic, assume all organization s implement practice in the same way while in fact they only benchmark what considered best fit practice elements into their system. In addition, best practice would not bring competitive advantage if all other firms can imitate those practice as well. The theory also focus on the system and practices but ignore variations in national context such as institutions and culture. III. DIVERGENCE MOVING APART While many convergence theorists support that there is one best practice of HRM approaches for organizations across nations to follow in order to fit the external environment regardless of differences in technology or stability of environment, it fail to explain how these managerial ideas and practice are interpreted, implemented and respond vary at individual, firm, industrial and institutional level. 1. Culturalism Perspective One of the criticism emphasis on the remained cultural differences between economies. The popular work of Hofstede (1980;1992) can applied to explain the variation in management aspect. Culture is defined as the collective programming of mind of individuals or groups which is reflected in particular assumptions, beliefs and norms held by that person or groups. Apply these perspective to employment relations area, these cultural factors was believed to be of the main important elements that shape management behavior and working practice, therefore bring about divergence. Hofstede concluded that each country will have distinct national economic culture ince they respond differently along axis of four dimensions (power distance, individualism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance) US-Japan Case Japan For example: individualistic in the US encourage personal incentives versus collectivism in Japan which remunerates group achievement and minimizes pay differentials . Or high uncertainty avoidance in Japan, favor social stability, guarantees of job security while low uncertainty avoidance in America indicates high degree of labor mar ket mobility. Therefore, each country would end up with each own distinctive national economic culture because they respond differently along each of four culture dimension. Limitation of Perspective However, this cultural approach also have its limitation because it assumes that individual cultural attributes that influence economic behavior held constantly over time. In fact, many value and individual perceptions change such as Japanese adapt to more individualism base view from Western, especially in the case of young generation. Furthermore, the assumption of these cultural characteristics may led to bias, cultural stereotypes or misunderstandings. In addition, it completely ignore the wider institutional context such as national legal framework, business system variations as well as industrial orders. Given that limitation, other authors like Whitehill (1991) argues that cultural should not only include values held by individuals but also the structure of the firm and soc iety. These boarder factors are referred to as institutional approach 2. Institutional Perspectives The institutional view argues that the traditional values and practices are embedded in a countrys social and economic institutions. Maurice et al. (1986) argues that variation in educational institutions, organization structure produce national distinctive patterns of institutional framework. Whitley (1998) who adopt these perspectives in explaining the pre-industrial history and industrialization process shape the national business system. Similarly, Kotsova (1999) defined the term country institutional profile (CIP) as a country set of 3 institution: regulatory (laws, rules), cognitive (schemas, frames), and normative (values and norms). He also mentioned the gap between HRM practices and mindsets that result in failure of internalization- the deeper process when employee make commitment to, satisfaction with and psychological ownership of the practice. Adopt of best practice in HRM therfore does not lead to global harmonization but differences as the effect of negative internalization process or divergence between All these view can be utilized to explain the variations within and between nation in term of HRM and industrial relations US-Japan Case For example, the success of Japanese economies would not be explained only by its strong work ethic; and discipline but should include other institutional factor like government support, substantial enterprise training. direction and availability of skilled workforce. These institutional factors create national culture gaps between countries (Horng, 1993) and constitutes huge barrier to the convergence process. Both the cultural and institutional approach above can be utilized by scholars to argue that national employments relations system and practices are varied. Even convergence at the global level in terms of political, economic, socio and technological forces as mentioned on the first part, diverg ence still remain. Divergence remains at the national and intra-national level (macro) since these forces are interpreted, responded and implemented by different way with each countrys unique tradition and cultures. At the firm, employee level (macro) divergence occurs since each individual have their own distinctive behavioral mindsets to make commitment and internalization the newly adopted practice. Kottova, 1999:311) Furthermore, each countries are at different stages of industrial and economic development, different way technology configured and used, different choice to make their distinctive political-economic framework best fit with global environment, gap between theory and reality of practice are considered reasons that all create divergence. 3. Convergence and Divergence- not subtitles but complementary Recently, scholars realized that divergence can happen inside the convergence trend to some extent as other way around. Youndt et al. 1996 support the view by argues that convergence and divergence both simultaneously occur, only at different level of HRM systems structure. Universal and best practice effect are likely to occur at macro level (structure, technology) and divergence at micro level (internal fit, culture and behavior mindsets). To summaries, transfer of best practice and convergence of Industrial relations system is a matter of degree, not of kind. What aspects and how much choice is determinants that shape the divergence inside that kind (Taira, 1990). IV. CONCLUSION Through the paper, I have examined the impacts of globalization on the national employment system, using Japan and US model as example to explore different viewpoints of convergence/divergence perspectives. On one side, multinational enterprise apply global standards to their employment system with best practice transferred at various levels, therefore push the convergence button. On the other side, institutional and mindsets differences, the level of HRM practice integ rated, internalization, implemented push the divergence button. More importantly, it was agreed that both process occur simultaneously and there is no best practice for all. Depend on their own unique culture and structure. firm will design their own HRM practices as their strategic advantages to be globally successful. References Whitley, R. (1998) Internationalization and Varierities of Capitalism: The Limited Effects of Cross National Coordination of Economic Activities on the Nature of Business System. Review of International Political Economy, 5: 445-481. Harbison, F. and Myers, C. (1959) (eds. ) Management in the Industrialized World. NY: McGraw Hill. Kerr, C. , Dunlop, J. , Harbison, E. H. , Myers, C. (1962). Industrialism and industrial man. London: Heinemann. MacDuffie, J. P. (1995) International Trends in Work Organization in the Auto Industry: National-Level vs Company-Level Perspectives in K. Wever and L. Turner (eds. ) The Comparative Political Economy of IR, Ith aca, NY: ILR Press, 71-113 Gennard, J. , Judge, G. (1999). Employee relations. London: IPD. Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive advantage throgh people. Boston, MA: Havard Business School Press. Salamon, M. (2000). Indstrial relations: Theory and practice. London: FT/Prentice Hall Hofstede, G. (1980) Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. London: Sage. Hofstede, G. (1993) Cultural Constrains in Management Theories. Academy of Management Excutive, 7 (1): 81-93. Whitehill, A. (1991) Japanese Management, London: Routledge. Maurice, M. , Sellier, F. and Silvestre, J. J. (1986) The Social Foundations of Industrial Power, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kostova, T. (1999). Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management REview, 24(2): 308-324 Horng, C. 1993). Cultural differences, Trust and their relationships to business strategy and control. Advances in International Comparative Management, 8:175-1 97. Youndt, M. A. , Snell, S. A. , Dean, J. W. , Jr. , Lepak, D. P. (1996). Human resource management manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 949-969. Taira, K. (1990). From Americanization of Japan to Japanization of America in HRM/IR. Paper Presented at the Forty Third Annual Meeting of the INdustrial Relations REsearcch Association (pp. 467-475). Washington, D. C. : IRRA Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Industrial Relations Convergence and Divergence" essay for you Create order

Don t Only Happen During Pregnancy - 1430 Words

INTRODUCTION Stretch marks don’t only happen during pregnancy. You can also get them in puberty or by gaining weight quickly. A large majority of pregnant women will get stretch marks around their stomach, breasts, hips and thighs, and they appear to be genetic1. If your female relatives had stretch marks, then you likely will as well. There is good news though. Today there are many things that can be done to prevent stretch marks. You can also reduce the appearance of old ones. Keep on reading to find out PROVEN ways for dealing with stretch marks! There are some simple tips for using everyday items you can find in your kitchen cupboard as well as information about some of the more invasive procedures. Stretch Marks Defined Stretch marks occur when your body grows (weight gain for example) faster than your skin which causes breakage of the fibers under the skins surface. They don t only appear on the stomach either. 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Claudius And Hamlet Essay Research Paper Why free essay sample

Claudius And Hamlet Essay, Research Paper Why Claudius is King? When at the beginning of Act I scene two of Hamlet we find that Claudius, and non immature Hamlet is king of Denmark, we are surprised. Part of this surprise comes from our expectancy that the boy of the old male monarch should be the natural inheritor to the throne. Shakespeare takes advantage of this outlook by calling his prince # 8216 ; Hamlet # 8217 ; . So when, after meeting the shade, Horatio and the others decide to # 8220 ; leave what we have seen tonight/Unto immature Hamlet # 8221 ; ( I, i,185 ) , we are anticipating to run into a immature male monarch and non the senior Claudius. Why old Hamlet did non call his boy as replacement is non clear, but that he could hold is shown strikingly when Claudius makes # 8220 ; the universe take note # 8221 ; that Hamlet # 8220 ; is most immediate # 8221 ; to his throne ( I, ii, 115 ) . This, coupled with the fact that Hamlet was at Wittenberg when his male parent died, are the two conditions that enabled Claudius to prehend power. We will write a custom essay sample on Claudius And Hamlet Essay Research Paper Why or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But taking control and staying in control are two different things Claudius has some explicating to make, and this is exactly what occupies him for most of the 2nd scene. It is practical concerns, Claudius argues, that have forced him to go male monarch. There is of class the menace of Fortinbras who, believing Denmark to be vulnerable # 8220 ; by our late beloved brother # 8217 ; s decease # 8221 ; has been demanding # 8220 ; the resignation of those lands/Lost by his male parent # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 23-24 ) . In a gesture of disdainful high quality, Claudius merely declares # 8220 ; So much for him # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 25 ) . That crisis is over. The fact is Claudius is in control. He has already acknowledged the moral clumsiness of get marrieding his # 8220 ; sometime sister # 8221 ; Gertrude but characterizes it as mere political expediency: she is # 8220 ; The imperial jointress to this warlike province # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 8-9 ) . He thanks his protagonists who have shown their # 8220 ; better wisdoms, which have freely gone/With this matter along # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 15 ) and illustrates, through the brief exchange with Polonius and Laertes, exactly how support of his regulation can be rewarded: What wouldst thou beg Laertes? That shall non be my offer, non thy inquiring? The caput is non more native to the bosom, The manus more instrumental to the oral cavity, Than is the throne of Denmark to thy male parent. ( I, ii, 46-50 ) But Claudius # 8217 ; rational tone and apparent control is besides calculated to contrast with Hamlet # 8217 ; s ain behaviour. Harmonizing to Claudius, the decease of a male monarch ought to be met with # 8220 ; discretion # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; wisest sorrow # 8221 ; , along with # 8220 ; recollection of ourselves # 8221 ; # 8211 ; that is, the demands of the province ( I, ii, 7 ) . Hamlet, deep in mourning and evident melancholy, has his mistakes publicly enumerated when Claudius berates him for his behavior: Tis unmanfully heartache, It shows a will most incorrect to heaven, A bosom unfortified, a head impatient, An understanding simple and untaught. ( I, ii, 100-104 ) Remember that all this takes topographic point in forepart of the assembled tribunal. These are non private exchanges between household members but a really public show between possible challengers and Claudius is matching the grounds why Hamlet is unfit to govern. And so when Claudius asks Hamlet non to return to Wittenberg it is ( beyond the obvious ground of maintaining a possible challenger stopping point at manus ) besides to remind everyone that Hamlet # 8217 ; s absence from the tribunal was inappropriate and farther shows a disinclination to govern. Furthermore, the deduction is that the absence contributed to the crisis that made Claudius # 8217 ; unconventional action necessary. The subsequent revelations of the shade to Hamlet in Act I, scene four, would look to do all this moot except that it all remains true however. Note that in his first monologue in scene two, Hamlet contemplates suicide, mourns his male parent, laments the incestuous nature of his mother= relationship with Claudius, but neer one time disputes his uncle=s claim to the throne. When the shade reveals Claudius # 8217 ; perfidy, Hamlet # 8217 ; s response # 8211 ; after his initial rage # 8211 ; is to keen the # 8220 ; cursed malice # 8221 ; that he # 8220 ; was born to put it right! # 8221 ; ( I, V, 216 ) . Claudius may hold engineered events to accommodate his aspirations, but Hamlet # 8217 ; s nature and behaviour has provided him # 8211 ; wordplay intended # 8211 ; free reign.

The Hold Life Has and In Search of Respect Book Review Example For Students

The Hold Life Has and In Search of Respect: Book Review The Hold Life Has and In Search of Respect: Book Review The booksThe Hold Life HasandIn Search of Respectdepict the cultural and social usage of two really different drugs in drastically different societies. The writers of these books spent several old ages in the late 80s and early 90s researching communities and analyzing the lives and patterns of the population. Catherine J Allen executed her ethnographic research in Sonqo, a distant Andean community high in the Peruvian mountains, she publishedThe Hold Life Hasin 2002 covering her work from 1975 until publication. Philippe Bourgois publishedIn Search of Respectwhile populating with his married woman in East Harlem, New York, United States which is besides known by the locals as â€Å"El Barrio† a Spanish Community of largely Puerto Rican migrators. While both writers conducted their surveies in the same period of clip, carry oning research on similar stuffs, the difference in geographical locations and demographics played a function in both of these books being wholly differen t. We will write a custom essay on The Hold Life Has and In Search of Respect: Book Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Allen foremost visited Sonqo to get down her surveies on the Andean people’s usage of coca in 1975 and published the first edition ofThe Hold Life Has ( 1985 ). This reappraisal covers the 2nd edition book which was written between 1995 and 2000 and corrects a few research mistakes that were in the first edition. When Allen returns to Sonqo she says â€Å" kids I knew in 1975 are now married and have kids of their ain, and familiar faces are gone forever.† Because Allen has studied these people for over 30 old ages, her ain position of society has changed every bit good. Allen says that the book â€Å"is about the patterns of the Runakuna people, in peculiar their ritual patterns, through which they connect to the land and in the procedure, define and show their cultural individuality as Runakuna.† (Allen 2002:17 ) In Allen’s bookThe Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Communitywe are introduced to a different facet of the drug coca, which produces cocaine. The Andean people use the coca shrub by masticating its foliages. They use the foliage as a mild stimulation, anaesthetic, medical specialty, mark of common cooperation, item of friendly relationship and to have spiritual disclosures. Allen believes â€Å" another civilization can non be depicted without admiting and even sometimes highlighting its perceiver.† (Allen 2002:7) In her debut, Allen visits Don Luis whose married woman Rufina Quispe has late died. Rufina died in childbearing when of course delivering her 13th kid. Allen receives coca as a gift from Don Luis. It is unusual for Runakuna grievers to see a gravesite without coca foliages because the works iand therefore it comforts them from heartache. Chewing coca draws a group into a shared Communion with female parent Earth, with the sacred topograp hic points and with their hereditary land. (Allen 2002: 7 ) .The Runakuna have their ain alone cultural position when it comes to coca because they contemptuously reject the pattern in urban communities, unlike in their rural upland towns. They â€Å"exhibit an uneasiness toward coca masticating that expresses their ain ambivalence.† (Allen 2002:8 ) .The Runakuna communicate with the land via coca and frequently via intoxicant at the same time. Through coca, the people are able to at the same time keep a connexion with the Earth and their ayllu or community of fellow Runakuna (Allen 2002:9 ) .Allen says that her book is â€Å"devoted to the nature of the Runakuna connexion to Earth and coca as a societal entity.†( Allen 2002:9 ) . Allen begins the book by depicting the multiple metaphysical and natural connexions the autochthonal Sanqo people have with the Earth and each other. She looks at the societal usage of the coca foliage and touches on the imbibing of beer made from maize or corn and sugar cane difficult intoxicant in connexion with the coca foliage. The Runakuna of Sonqo execute the ritual â€Å"hallpay† or ritual coca-chewing in order to keep relationships with their community( Allen ( 2002 ) : fourteen ) .Allen uses â€Å"hallpay† as a method to link to Andean civilization and beliefs. In chapter 6 when Allen focuses on Andean nutrient ingestion it is revealed that ingestion no affair in what manner it is performed imbibing, eating, masticating ( drugs ) , it is a ‘fundamental act of violence.’Allen besides strives to learn the reader how coca serves as a strong binder for Andean communities. Coca foliages are an indispensable component of Andean civilization and since a ncient times they have been used to assist autochthonal people adapt to high height and service as a thirst and appetite suppressant on the Andean trail. After Spain’s conquering of Peru coca started to play a important function in the Andean universe. The Spanish settlers cultivated coca as a market point, but, rejected coca mastication. Missionaries were against coca usage, naming coca a symbol of cultural opposition. Allen sought to larn about the cosmology of the Runakuna people. While in Peru she became friends with Luis, Erasmo, and Basilia who served as her sources, nevertheless she called them â€Å"friends.† Erasmo is a spiritual specializer and practician known as a paqo in Spanish. He knows how to speak to the Sacred Places through coca foliages to bring around and relieve unwellness with composed burned offerings. She besides addresses how the Runakuna, despite their rural and distant life style, were really connected with the modern universe. The Runakuna remain connected with the modern universe through regional webs every bit good as with cocaine users and drug enforcement in the United States. On page 13 ofThe Hold Life HasAllen mentions the construct of â€Å"gente civilizada† which means to populate in town and to be involved in commercialism or the planetary economic system. By populating in the urban centre that means that one does non devour coca. Her work recognizes and explores the Runakuna community utilizing existent people and doesn’t over exaggerate the connexions these autochthonal people have to their shared past (Allen 2002:15 ) .Erasmo, like many other Runakuna, enjoys sitting in forepart of his place watching the universe. Watching is one of Songqo’s favourite activities (Allen 2002:25) . Watching is a signifier of communicating conducted among people attuned to nonverbal gestural linguistic communication. Everyone watches everyone else and people who follow the same way on a day-to-day footing are cognizant of being watched. Allen says â€Å"it is nt merely people who are being watched.† As stated earlier, Allen came to research the Runak una connexion with the land. â€Å"The Runakuna watch their landscape as good, how the Sun passes over the skyline and extremums and how clouds gather over valleys.† (Allen 2002: 25) . Another one of Allen’s â€Å"friends† is Luis’ sister Basilia, who was an adept weaver. Allen became acquainted with Basilica through her brother Luis whom she portions company with. In contrast to her brother, Basilia is non-marginalized within her community. Her male parent died when she was five old ages old. She remembers her brother playing with the cadaver of her dead male parent. Today Basilia feels prestigiousness and self-esteem towards her brothers and hubbies ladings, the Spanish word for community offices (Allen 2002:32) . During Paititi the Incas emerge from their Fieldss with aureate maize reinstating the Runakuna as Masterss of the land in a ritual called Pachakuti or â€Å"the universe turnaround† (Allen 2002: 184) . Don Luis says â€Å" Malogadru Kani† I am ruined, because he is worried the Inca’s wo nt acknowledge him apart from the Misti. The Incas are able to acknowledge the Runakuna because they are have oning Runa P’acha or traditional Runakuna vesture, created from llama and alpaca wool. ( Allen 2002: 185 ) . Don Luis argues he is ruined because his vesture is homemade but its non made out of llama or alpaca wool. Womans like Inucha who wear P’acha have small to no instruction, nevertheless, they show love for the land and animate beings and are an illustration of suited people for Don Luis. .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 , .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .postImageUrl , .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 , .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1:hover , .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1:visited , .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1:active { border:0!important; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1:active , .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1 .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u398b094277a7b342fa4ce2b97b52a1c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Disney Company - one of the world leaders in media EssayDuring the Spanish Conquest coca took on a new cultural function in autochthonal individualities, at the clip of conquest coca was used as an energy encouragement for the Runakuna mineworkers, the mineworkers worked faster and that made the decease rate in the mines higher. Farmers besides consumed coca as a stimulation in coca Fieldss, reaping the works for their ain people and 1000s of husbandmans died. (Allen 2002: 189) . In 1950 the United Nations made a decision that the mastication of coca has negative side effects, get downing a 15 twelvemonth phasing out rhythm of coca cultivation (Allen 2002: 191) . Similarly toThe Hold Life Has,In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in the Barrio ( 2003 ) by Philippe Bourgoisbesides focuses on drug issues and usage. Bourgois’ surveies in the United States focuses on inner-city agony, inequality, poorness, every bit good as reviewing the political and societal justness in the Barrio. Bourgois chose to carry on his surveies in East Harlem, New York, USA, while East Harlem may non be every bit rough as the Andean Highlands in respects to geographical terrain and clime, it is poverty ridden and wrought with drug related offense. East Harlem, is besides known as â€Å"El Barrio† by the locals, Bourgois spent his clip in interior New York analyzing â€Å"El Barrios† belowground drug economic system in the 1980s. Bourgois states â€Å"many anthropologists have studied â€Å"El Barrio† nevertheless, they have non truly studied the people.† Bourgois immerses his surveies on the challenges faced within this drug economic s ystem by working with Puerto Rican drug traders. The drug traders are considered victims of American society because of assimilation and divorce from their homeland’s civilization. Bourgois came to â€Å"El Barrio† non merely to analyze people’s lives, but become involved in them. While at that place, Bourgois strove non to give the impoverished a bad name and through his hypotheses and research in his book he did non ban anyones narrative either. Bourgois’ original hypothesis and thesis statement was to concentrate on backdoor drug-dealing, nevertheless, over clip he shifted more towards the â€Å"why? † During Bourgois clip in the field he earned some signifier of regard with the migratory drug traders, and noticed a deficiency of capital between them. Racism and sexism besides play major functions in this text. In Bourgois debut he makes a distinction between him as the research worker and the traders and society as them, he says â€Å"I followed them, and watched the slaying rate in the undertakings opposite my crumbling tenement flat spiral into the highest in Manhattan. (Bourgois 2003: 1 ) .Prior to his descriptive anthropology Bourgois knew nil about cleft aside from some friends utilizing it in go throughing. Puerto Rican migration to East Harlem, New York has a clear consequence on the construction of households and work forces, despite their absence in the place have power of adult females. Child disre gard is prevailing in these communities, because of this, kids frequently are forced into â€Å"street-life.† There have been claims that the poorness and segregation in â€Å"El Barrio, † are non recognized by the bulk or the metropolis. Because of parents working several uneven occupations, daycares become overrun by the kids of addicted parents.. Bourgois says that interior metropolis substance maltreatment is chiefly a â€Å"symptom, † a symbol of deeper kineticss and societal marginalisation .In the first two chapters of the book though these statistics are proven apathetic by Bourgois, he states the kids of â€Å"El Barrio† are treated really good, frequently given busss when seen.† However, culturally this could merely intend endearment more than merely just intervention. This statement yo-yos back and Forth throughout the book, when Bourgois witnesses a individual female parent named Iris who is a drug nut lose power in her house from non p aying an electric measure, he begins to aide the vicinity kids by supplying them an mercantile establishment. When these kids left the Barrio with Bourgois and went to topographic points like Parkss and museums they would be â€Å"racially profiled† and followed around by security officers. As the kids grew in age the topographic points that their parents one time hung out ( such as the Game Room and the Social Club ) methodically became parts of their lives excessively. Child disregard in the 1980s had more prevalence in individual household places, somewhat more than one in three households in â€Å"El Barrio† receive public aid. (Bourgois 2003: 3) . One of the first things for Bourgois to observe was harmonizing to informations conducted in a 1990 nose count 38.9 per centum of Harlem occupants lived below the US federal poorness line and 62.1 of them received less than twice the sum of poverty-level income.( Bourgois 2003:2 ) .These Numberss were considered of signi ficance because they exhibit more than half of â€Å"El Barrios† occupants can non run into social demands. Differing from the statistics that Bourgois found nevertheless the drug gross revenues make poorness a small different. Obviously, nose count counts do non take into history money that runs through places through belowground economic systems. Harlem drug traders were able to bring forth money through cocaine and cleft gross revenues. Bourgois was so astounded by the sum of money generated into places by the sale of cleft, he wondered why work forces still held bluish neckband occupations (Bourgois 2003:5).There can be a simple reply to this: because keeping two or three occupations leads to less oppugning when it comes to drug foraies. However, to reply his ain inquiries Bourgois took on the function as a trader. As an anthropologist and ethnographer Bourgois became familiar with drug traders, stealers and users. By working as a friend with these persons, Bourgois was a ble to carry on his research and occupation by executing it. Beyond Bourgois research generated at the cleft house or â€Å"Game Room† , Bourgois conducted research on the kids of the traders whom he took on trips, partners who worked from place or were nuts themselves and friends. The narratives from those who were involved with covering from a secondary point of view sheds a visible radiation on the battles of going a portion of the â€Å"El Barrio† community. Bourgois had to be careful while carry oning his research on the streets of â€Å"El Barrio, † any disrespect towards pack members could intend danger to himself and his life. Bourgois had to be careful what he said around Ray, the cleft house proprietor because one time Ray got offended he would endanger to kill Bourgois (Bourgois 2003:19).Because of his race the people of â€Å"El Barrio† assumed he was an clandestine bull or a drug nut, nevertheless, it is subsequently revealed that Bourgoisâ⠂¬â„¢ who is a white ethnographer expression and speech pattern gave him an advantage. Because being white made him look like a bull, Bourgois had an advantage when guarding off the hoods in â€Å"El Barrio.† This advantage besides made him friends with local drug traders such as Ray, Ceasar and Primo. These three drug traders and users subsequently served as Bourgois’ sources. .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa , .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .postImageUrl , .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa , .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa:hover , .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa:visited , .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa:active { border:0!important; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa:active , .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a6c00156bf5fbcfce21f4bd633e08aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: moralhf Laws vs. Morals in Mark Twain's The Advent EssayPrimo shows the voice of self-respect and plays the function of an adjutant to the other characters inIn Search of Respect,he helped Bourgois understand â€Å"El Barrio’s† street civilization. Primo accomplishes assisting Bourgois with street smarts by presenting him to people who are of import characters in the cleft covering concern. Primo as a character was used to stand for the people of East Harlem who were forced into drug covering as their lone agencies of endurance, which as I mentioned earlier was something that Bourgois saw as uncommon. Ceasar in contrast represents the nuts who work for trader s like Ray. All of these characters are victims to the barbarous and harmful rhythm of cocaine. Ray on the other manus represents the powerful drug traders who have power and authorization over the â€Å"underground economy.† He uses fright and force to run the Game Room successfully. Ray isn’t able to read and is unable to cover with any signifiers of legal paperwork showing him as a vulnerable individual, every concern that Ray runs is finally a failure, although Ray’s voice may be powerful they serve a individual intent, to portray the street civilization of â€Å"El Barrio† and to make a sense of understanding toward the people that live at that place. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in the Barriovividly paints an image of every facet that an ethnographer would necessitate to familiarise themselves with the community. Bourgois addressed three chief subjects in his book: The dealing of belowground drugs to assist with economic force per unit areas of people who have lost legal occupations, the deficiency of engagement in force by those who weren’t members of the drug trader and user community and the legalisation of difficult drugs like cocaine taking to possible deficiency of offense, similar to current positions on marihuana. If we look at the usage of coca in the bookThe Hold Life Hasthere is grounds that chocolate can be used for something positive, nevertheless, the manner cocaine is used is wholly different. Bourgois 3rd thesis statement states the the decriminalisation of drugs would cut down the offense rate and force in â€Å"El Barrio.† Bourgois 2nd thesis statement points out that force chiefly takes top ographic point between those people that participate in the sale and usage of drugs. The drug traders no longer keep primary control over supplies, despite the illegality of cocaine, users and traders still manage to successfully bring forth the drug without any issue. . Bourgois uses the experiences of his sources and his ain personal observations and research while at that place to state a narrative. Through Bourgois’ experience we can analyse the causes of offense, force and drug maltreatment, efficaciously cut downing those single sociological jobs. The Hold Life Has ( 2002 ) by Catherine J Allenhas a strong analysis on the symbolism of the coca foliage and cane intoxicant for the Runakuna people of Sonqo, Peru. Allen’s book is difficult read in how heavy it is, in comparing to Bourgois’ manner of composing which does a better occupation at maintaining the reader involved..In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio ( 2002 ) by Philippe Bourgoisshows that drugs are simply a medium for despairing people to utilize as a conduit for defeat, opposition and impotence. This fact is most clearly conveyed in Ray’s character. The development of Ray’s character throughout the book makes his state of affairs more relatable to the reader. The ability to easy set one’s ego in Ray’s topographic point makes the reading more personal. Bourgois says â€Å" we should concentrate our ethical concerns and political energies on the contradictions posed by the simple continuity of inner-city poorness in the thick of extraordinary opulence.† (Bourgois 2003: 319 )Poverty plays a changeless function as a rhythm inIn Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio, dependence and inequality weighs out over a person’s ain single individuality. The person who falls a victim to the drug trade is so caught inside of a ceaseless rhythm that begins and continues to reiterate itself. Persons such as Primo and others that Bourgois highlighted as users in his descriptive anthropology are non taking the province of being that they are populating in as an person, nevertheless, their destiny is dictated by a multifunctional agency of environmental, sociological and biological constituents. Though Bourgois’ sources efforts to take themselves from the barbarous rhythm of cocaine sale and usage, people who suffer from the adversities of the belowground economic system can really â€Å"become the existent agents administrating their ain devastation and their community’s endu ring through turning to covering drugs and encompassing violence.† (Bourgois 2003:145) . Bibliography: Bourgois, Philippe. â€Å"In Search of Respect.† 2003 Allen J Catherine â€Å"The Hold Life Has† 2002

Free Essays on Life Is Hell

â€Å" Life is hell!† This comes out of the mouth of a bright, 16 year-old boy named Max, who had seemed not to have a care in the world. Tim is quiet and polite- the model student and son during the week but falling down drunk on Saturday night. Then there is Jackie. She wrote a note to her friend saying â€Å" Life is just more than I can handle sometimes.† Is Jackie looking for attention or is she crying out for help? Are pressures from his peers or pressures from himself bombarding Tim? Max, is he just having a bad day or is there something deeper? If we take a closer look at these stories, we can realize there is something that ties them all together. This is not a group of friends. They suffer from a serious epidemic that affects people all over the world, depression. Depression is a disorder in the brain that affects how one feels, acts, and thinks. According to a report by he National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, or NAMI, millions of teens suffer from depression. So, what problems come about because of teen depression? What is causing teens to become depressed and how can we help these teens? Most of us think of depression as something that just makes people sad and withdrawn, but there are other severe problems with being depressed. Many teens lose interest in things that ordinarily were a blast. According to the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association, things such as sports, listening to music, dating, and having fun with friends, diminish in a depressed teens life. They often just want to be alone. Life becomes too much to handle and they feel that if they are all by themselves it will all just go away. Yet, this isolation can actually cause more problems than are solved. If a teen isolates themselves they are not going to deal with their problem. Some dangers concerning school also surface from teen depression. Dr. David Fassler, a child and adolescent psychiatrist, sta... Free Essays on Life Is Hell Free Essays on Life Is Hell â€Å" Life is hell!† This comes out of the mouth of a bright, 16 year-old boy named Max, who had seemed not to have a care in the world. Tim is quiet and polite- the model student and son during the week but falling down drunk on Saturday night. Then there is Jackie. She wrote a note to her friend saying â€Å" Life is just more than I can handle sometimes.† Is Jackie looking for attention or is she crying out for help? Are pressures from his peers or pressures from himself bombarding Tim? Max, is he just having a bad day or is there something deeper? If we take a closer look at these stories, we can realize there is something that ties them all together. This is not a group of friends. They suffer from a serious epidemic that affects people all over the world, depression. Depression is a disorder in the brain that affects how one feels, acts, and thinks. According to a report by he National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, or NAMI, millions of teens suffer from depression. So, what problems come about because of teen depression? What is causing teens to become depressed and how can we help these teens? Most of us think of depression as something that just makes people sad and withdrawn, but there are other severe problems with being depressed. Many teens lose interest in things that ordinarily were a blast. According to the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association, things such as sports, listening to music, dating, and having fun with friends, diminish in a depressed teens life. They often just want to be alone. Life becomes too much to handle and they feel that if they are all by themselves it will all just go away. Yet, this isolation can actually cause more problems than are solved. If a teen isolates themselves they are not going to deal with their problem. Some dangers concerning school also surface from teen depression. Dr. David Fassler, a child and adolescent psychiatrist, sta...

Memorizing Lines - Memorization Tips

Memorizing Lines - Memorization Tips From time to time you will be required to memorize lines for a play, a speech, or a skit of some kind. For some students this will come easily, but others may experience anxiety at the thought of memorizing lines. The first task is to separate out any anxiety about speaking in front of others and deal with that apart from the actual memorization process. Realize that memorizing is one source of concern, and speaking to a group is another. Focus on one issue at a time. Just knowing this will ease some of your worry and give you more of a sense of control. We worry about things when they feel out of our control. Memorizing Lines The best single advice for memorizing anything is to study in a way that appeals to as many senses as you can. By seeing, hearing, feeling, and even smelling your material, you reinforce it in your brain. There are several ways to reinforce information through your senses. Your best bet is to combine three of these techniques. Youll find that some techniques are appropriate for your specific assignment and others are not. Memorizing With Sight Visual prompts act as a great tool for reinforcing information and committing them to memory. Use flash cards. Put all your prompts on one side and your lines on the other.Draw a series of pictures that represent your speech or your lines. Remember picture stories from preschool? Be very creative and think of a picture story to go along with your lines. After youve created your picture story, go back and say your lines as you look at the pictures.Say your lines in front of a mirror and move your face or your arms a special way to emphasize specific words or passages.If your lines come in the form of a script, cover over other actors lines with strips of sticky note. This makes your own lines stand out on the page. Read them over several times.Visualize other actors faces saying your cues and follow with your own lines that follow the cues.Use your smart phone to video yourself saying your lines and watch it. Then repeat if necessary. Memorizing With Feeling Feelings can be internal (emotional) or external (tactile). Either type of experience will reinforce your information. Write out your lines. The act of writing the words provides very strong reinforcement.Carry your script or speech with you at all times and read the full text when you get a chance to get a strong emotional feel for it.Get to know your character. Understand why you say and do what you do.Act out your lines as you say them, even if this is an unemotional speech. You can so this in front of a mirror and  exaggerate your words with dramatic gestures. Of course, you dont want to do this during your actual speech, but you will be thinking about it.Try memorizing backward, from end to start. This separates the emotion from the words. Then read the text from start to finish, with feeling. This technique reinforces the emotional aspect.Learn to think like your character (get a feel for him or her). This can save you if you forget your lines on stage. Simply think like the character and say what he would say as close to the real lines as possible. Memorizing With Sound Sound is a very effective tool for memorization. There are a few different ways to incorporate sound into your memorization skills. Read the script and record the lines of the other performers and leave the microphone off as you read your own lines. This leaves blank air space for your lines. Go back and practice saying your own lines at the appropriate times.Record your lines with exaggerated vocal expressions. You may even want to yell your words. Exaggerations leave big imprints in your brain.Record the entire play or performance during a rehearsal.Carry your recorder with you and listen to it as often as you can.

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Tono-bungay - Assignment Example this rather oppressed lower class members of this â€Å"society† but clearly holds the view that it is their clichà © mode of life that restricts them from leading a better life (Wells 6). He also asserts that there is a greater social problem in the society driven by money. He writes â€Å"See what the world pays teachers and discoverers and what it pays businessmen! That shows the ones it really wants† (136). Largely, the book covers the troubles of the low class in their bid to make something good for themselves. This novel reflects on the life of the society at the time it was written and specifically concerns the social changes caused by industrialization and consumerism trends. A notable focus on this book, in the aspect of the argument of this paper, is that the people in this age can find a bearing of the insights in their social life. By covering the socialist ideals and ideas, Tono-Bungay not only becomes important for the society during its setting but also in subsequent generations as the social issues in the book are transferrable from one era to another. At the beginning of the novel, Wells narrates through George the ignorance of the lower class in the society. They are easily duped by the wealthy class to continue serving them hence enriching themselves only. George comes to learn of the world of the wealthy class as a boy through listening to the comic and humiliating conversation of men and women of the lower class in the society. Wells narrations point out that these conversations mirrored the unawareness as well as the rigidity that these men and women of the lower English class had towards their plight. These people have adopted a clichà © mode of life which they have gained so much comfort in that they do not seek to improve their lives or that of their future generations. George, young as he is at the time, can tell that the sickness in the social fabric of the English society he lives in. George says â€Å"She is reality, the one reality I have

Bureau of Correction Essay Example for Free

Bureau of Correction Essay Corrections in the Philippines started during pre-colonial times when the task was community-based. It was only during the Spanish regime that an organized corrective service was made operational. The main penitentiary was the Old Bilibid Prison at Oroquieta Street in Manila which was established in 1847. It was formally opened on April 10, 1986 by a Royal Decree. About four years later, on August 21, 1870, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City was established to confine Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political prisoners opposed to the Spanish rule. The facility which faced the Jolo Sea had Spanish-inspired dormitories and was originally set on a 1,414-hectare sprawling estate. When the Americans took over in the 1900s, the Bureau of Prisons was created under the Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act No. 1407 dated November 1, 1905) as an agency under the Department of Commerce and Police. It also paved the way for the re-establishment of San Ramon Prison in 1907, which was destroyed in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. It placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons and started receiving prisoners from Mindanao. Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm, the Americans established in 1904 the Luhit Penal settlement (now Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm) on a vast reservation of 28,072 hectares. It would reach a total land area of 40,000 hectares in the late 1950s. It was located on the western most part of the archipelago far from the main town to confine incorrigibles with the hope of rehabilitation. The area was expanded to 41,007 hectares by virtue of Executive Order No. 67 issued by Governor Newton Gilbert on October 15, 1912. Other penal colonies were established during the American regime. On November 27, 1929, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong City was created under Act No. 3579 while the Davao Penal colony in S outhern Mindanao was opened on January 21, 1932 under Act No. 3732. The CIW was founded to provide separate facilities for women offenders. To date, there are two Correctional Institutions for Women, the one mentioned in Mandaluyong and the other one is located in Davao Prison and Penal Farm in Dujali, Davao Del Norte. Owing to the increasing number of committals to the old Bilibid Prison in Manila, the New Bilibid Prison was established in 1935 in the southern suburb of Muntinlupa City. The old prison was transformed into a receiving center and a storage facility for farm produce from the colonies. It was later abandoned and is now under the jurisdiction of the Public Estates Authority. After the American regime, two more penal institutions were established. These were the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro under proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26, 1954 and Leyte Regional Prison under proclamation No. 1101 issued on January 16, 1973. The Bureau of Prisons was renamed Bureau of Corrections under the New Administrative Code of 1987 and Presidential Proclamation No. 495 issued on November 22, 1987. It is one of the attached agencies of the Department of Justice. The Bureau of Corrections presently has seven satellite prisons, namely; the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City, the Correctional Institution for Women in Mandaluyong City, the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro, the Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte, the Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City and the Davao Prison and Penal Farm in Dujali, Panabo, Davao Del Norte. Of these prison satellites, the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City as the Central Office serves as the main penitentiary as the Central office is also located in there. As of August 2012, the total population of prisoners confined in all satellites of the BuCor is 20,000. It is at this juncture, that handling, managing and taking care of the records of these inmates are of complex types of work which have to be performed by the competent personnel assigned at the â€Å"Inmate Document and Processing Division.†

Biography of Billy Graham and His Accomplishments in His Career :: Billy Graham Religion Evangelism Essays

Biography of Billy Graham and His Accomplishments in His Career "This is the Hour of Decision with Billy Graham, coming to you from Minneapolis Minnesota" Billy Graham, has preached to more than 210 million people through a live audience, more than anyone else in history. Not only that, but Mr. Graham has reached millions more through live televison, video and film. This has led Billy to be on the "Ten Most Admired Men in the World" from the Gallup Poll since 1955 a total of thirty-nine times. This includes thirty-two consecutive more than any other individual in the world, placing him as the most popular American for about forty years. This essay is going to talk about Graham's personal life, and what kind of family he grew up in and im also going to talk in detail about how he became an evangelist, because I feel it is very important yet interesting. His accomplishments in the fifties are uncomparable, so I will be including a considerable amount of information concerning that topic. Finally I will be talking about his personal achievements, bo oks written, and how he has been a companion to some of the American Presidents. William Franklin Graham Jr. was born in Charlotte, North Carolina on November 17, 1918. Graham was raised on a dairy farm by William Franklin (deceased 1962) and Morrow Coffey Graham (deceased 1981). In 1943 he married his wife Ruth McCue Bell, and had four children Virginia 1945, Anne Morrow 1948, Ruth Bell 1950, William Franklin, Jr. 1952, and Nelson Edman 1958. At age eighty, he keeps fit by swimming, playing with is nineteen grand children, and from aerobic walking, in the mountains of North Carolina, where he currently lives. (Billy Graham Best Sellers, 1999) Billy Graham told Time Magazine in one article about his life before becoming a preacher. "I lived on a farm. The only difference was I had to get up early in the morning and go milk cows. When I came back from school that day, I had to milk those same cows. There were about twenty cows I had to milk. By hand. That was before they had those ma chines. I loved being a farmer. But God called me to this work that I'm in now. I knew it was God calling. I said, "Yes. I will follow what God wants me to do." And so I went to two or three schools to get education. Biography of Billy Graham and His Accomplishments in His Career :: Billy Graham Religion Evangelism Essays Biography of Billy Graham and His Accomplishments in His Career "This is the Hour of Decision with Billy Graham, coming to you from Minneapolis Minnesota" Billy Graham, has preached to more than 210 million people through a live audience, more than anyone else in history. Not only that, but Mr. Graham has reached millions more through live televison, video and film. This has led Billy to be on the "Ten Most Admired Men in the World" from the Gallup Poll since 1955 a total of thirty-nine times. This includes thirty-two consecutive more than any other individual in the world, placing him as the most popular American for about forty years. This essay is going to talk about Graham's personal life, and what kind of family he grew up in and im also going to talk in detail about how he became an evangelist, because I feel it is very important yet interesting. His accomplishments in the fifties are uncomparable, so I will be including a considerable amount of information concerning that topic. Finally I will be talking about his personal achievements, bo oks written, and how he has been a companion to some of the American Presidents. William Franklin Graham Jr. was born in Charlotte, North Carolina on November 17, 1918. Graham was raised on a dairy farm by William Franklin (deceased 1962) and Morrow Coffey Graham (deceased 1981). In 1943 he married his wife Ruth McCue Bell, and had four children Virginia 1945, Anne Morrow 1948, Ruth Bell 1950, William Franklin, Jr. 1952, and Nelson Edman 1958. At age eighty, he keeps fit by swimming, playing with is nineteen grand children, and from aerobic walking, in the mountains of North Carolina, where he currently lives. (Billy Graham Best Sellers, 1999) Billy Graham told Time Magazine in one article about his life before becoming a preacher. "I lived on a farm. The only difference was I had to get up early in the morning and go milk cows. When I came back from school that day, I had to milk those same cows. There were about twenty cows I had to milk. By hand. That was before they had those ma chines. I loved being a farmer. But God called me to this work that I'm in now. I knew it was God calling. I said, "Yes. I will follow what God wants me to do." And so I went to two or three schools to get education.

Changing Role of the Artist from Different Times

Art is contemporarily defined as the product or process of deliberately arranging symbolic elements in a way that influences and affects the senses, emotions, and/or intellect. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression. The renaissance is the rebirth of classicism; classicism comes from the ancient Greece and Rome; they portray art to captivate perfection, harmony and order. Italian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome.Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colours and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy – all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. Up until the middle ages, the role and status of artists in society were similar to other skilled, manual workers. They we re usually employed to work on specific commissions. Most artists worked anonymously.Any prestige associated with an artwork reflected more for or about, rather than on the artists. Until the 18th Century artists learnt their ‘trade’ as apprentices in the workshops of established artists. In retrospect this was the time period of sexual discrimination; men were still seen as highly regarded over the typical status of women. So only men could be certified and had the opportune to be an artist. During the renaissance there was a new emphasis on art as an intellectual activity, not just a manual skill.This altered the role of the artist; the renaissance artists played an active role in the intellectual life of the period, many of them wrote treaties on subjects such as perspective and painting. Their achievements as individuals were now recognised, and often celebrated. Some artists, such as Michelangelo Buonarroti, were seen as having almost divine creative powers. This e stablished artists as geniuses. Artists were portrayed as artist heroes- the artists creative powers were a revelation of god’s creative powers on earth.The artist as a romantic genius was a development of the renaissance artist as a hero. That the superlative artist gained superlative social positions; they were proclaimed as men of genius, their powers of creation exalted as never before. Concept of the artist as a genius was appropriate to an age obsessed with the potential of man and the style of talents personality. In the late 18th Century a German philosopher Immanuel Kant put forward the idea that artists are geniuses who are born rather then taught. Michelangelo Buonarroti; a renaissance Italian Male (born 1475-1664) was perceived as a born genius.His role as an artist was established as an high renaissance male who was multidiscipline and a mulit-skilled painter, sculpture, poet and scientist of anatomy; he was highly regarded as a ‘god like’ figure. Hi s tumultuous career, with its perpetual struggles and its passionate commitment to art, was to become the master pattern for the romantic genius. Michelangelo’s artistic skills were perceived to originate from birth nevertheless he practised as a trained apprentice at the age of 13 in the workshop of the established art master Domenico Ghirlandaio in Florence.Though as an early artist he was regarded by his father as he proclaimed that â€Å"Artists are no better than shoe-makers. The neoplatonic thought that was current amongst all seemed to underlie not only his poetry but much of his paintings and sculptures as he expressed â€Å"sculpture is the painting as the sun is to the moon. † Michelangelo’s reputation was established by the sale of a ‘sleeping Cupid’ as a genius antique. In its exquisite finish, its flawless classism, and it evocation of the human activity in the divine and the divine in the human, the pieta is indeed a consummation of f ifteenth century art.The perfection of the two figured is informed both by an expert knowledge of anatomy and by the Neoplatonic theory; that the beauty of the body is an expression of its spirit. Michelangelo was commissioned in 1501 by the new republican government to carve a colossal ‘David’, symbol of resistance and independence. Later in 1508 Michelangelo was summoned by Pope Julius II, to the Sistine chapel ceiling; this was Michelangelo’s most celebrated work.Panels portraying key stories from Genesis are surrounded by a framework with additional scenes and figured for a 4 year period. The ceiling endured Michelangelo’s deep religious faith, expressed through a profound reverence for the classical Antiquity. A modern art was nationally acclaimed and recognized. Modern Artists were perceived as an Avant Guarde that challenged the main stream, traditional art. It was focused on the artist brain. Modernism reflecting the industrial revolution; was the era of mass production and consumption. One development vident in the modern era, spurred by technological growth in this century, has augmented the artist role in society; the commercialization of art through the expansion of entertainment, communications, and indoctrination media. In this modern time period society did not establish the role of artist, the artist decided for themselves what role they would play in their art. Andy Warhol disrupted the common views of the role each artist should play in their art. Andy Warhol was a modern American male (born in 1928-87); He is a pop artist whose role as artist as a celebrity.His practise involves commercial artist advertisement and illustor. His portraits developed from Polaroid photographs. In Warhol’s art, there is absolutely no sign of the artist’s hand or that this piece was even made by an artist. An unknowing viewer might suspect that it belongs in a grocery store rather than not a gallery or a museum. Since he u ses different techniques than traditional artists, at times he may never touch the piece at all and it still will be credited to him. This corresponds to what was once expected from the artist. Skill is no longer involved; it is much more about content, conceptual appearance, and processes.He is infatuated by food, sex, death and fame; this fatuation led to consumer product, nudity and celebrity icons such as Jackie Kennedy, Elvis Privily and Marilyn. Warhol had a specific, obvious style; He used repetition and simplification. Popular culture has a huge influence on his art. His art caused controversy in society. His art challenged the modernist idea of originality of the artist. Critics originally ridiculed Pop Art; â€Å"A range of distasteful, stupid, vulgar, assertive and ugly manifestations of the worst kind of our society. (Solomon) Another critic Norbert Lynton quoted â€Å"pop art seems on the whole leave aside the basic questions and values of art. † The public resp onded t it favourably. American society, the post WWII and the cold war hugely influenced his art. Warhol would conditionally say Conflicting statements that shocked and corrupted society; â€Å"I want everyone to think alike. I think everybody should be a machine,† &â€Å"Once you see pop art, you can’t see America in the same way. † Andy Warhol picked his subjects off supermarket shelves and from the front pages of the tabloids. He would then mass-produce the image, repeating them by silkscreen duplication.The well-known images pushed art out of the museum and into mainstream. Warhol’s â€Å"100 can of Campbell’s Soup† created in 1962; was cans assembled in a line. The serial images of consumer items in a hard-edged graphic style, Warhol wanted a machinelike art without social comment or emotion. From 1963-68 Warhol made more than sixty films which reached new depths of banality. One silent film, â€Å"Sleep† runs six hours, capturi ng every non-nuance of a man sleeping; â€Å"I like boring things† Warhol stated. A natural self-promoter, Andy Warhol made himself into a media sensation; he conflicted the original role of the artist.A Post-modern artist has adapted from a modern Avant Guarde to the role of a deconstructor of previous roles. The Post-modern time period accepts both genders as artist. With the vast technological development art has new expressive forms; 2D, 3D and 4D. Their role is to convey messages to society that otherwise would go unheard, or perhaps cannot be said. Andy Goldsworthy is a British male born in 1956, Goldsworthy is a post-modern /contemporary artist; He is a trained artist who studied at Bradford College (1974-1975). He is an intuitive, solitary, environmental sculpture and land artist.His art practise involves natural installations that is documented using film and photography that is viewed by the public through published books of his art. Goldsworthy uses natural materia ls from his property in Britain and the scour river. This material consists of rocks, ice, twigs, leaves, clay, stone, water and flowers. His conceptual practise relies on the earth; â€Å"I need the earth but it doesn’t need me. † The ‘Dumfriesshire clay wall’ was created in June 1999; this was a filmed process that captured the decay. Goldsworthy ideology was focused on the cycle of collapse and rebirth; â€Å"I like to push things to the point of collapse.Goldsworthy has a deep conceptual meaning and symbolism in each of his artworks. He was influenced by nature, weather and seasonal change. â€Å"Movement, change, light, growth and decay are the lifeblood of nature, the energies that I try to tap through my work. † Goldsworthy’s â€Å"Storm King Wall† is a wall commissioned with builders to be 1. 8m high stretching across a forester, weaving through trees. The wall was built with stability to outlast seasonal change. One of his wo rks â€Å"The rowan leaves and hole† is autumn leaves organised in corresponding order of colour that spirals to make a black hole.Goldsworthy symbolises hole as death. Andy Goldsworthy challenges traditional ideas; the process instead of the art is the most important thing. Goldsworthy provokes at the role of the traditional artist. Examining the historical art we draw a conclusion about the nature of a society, and even this period of time, contemporary artists still say a lot about society and the mainstream way of thinking. The role of the artist has established as a manual worker, to an Avant Guarde that has adopted, manipulated and changed overtime. Artists are the mouthpiece of their culture.

Many of Today’s Drivers Have Dangerous Habits

The cars today have such far-advanced automotive technology that the motorized transport vehicle seems to drive itself. The problem is that because driving cars today require less concentration than the cars of yesteryear, inventors seem to have come up with new and varied ways to keep the driver busy behind the wheel. This would not be such a bad thing if it did not pose such a threat to the life and limb of the driver and the pedestrians and other cars in his path. I am not kidding, all you have to do is look at every single person behind the wheel these days to know that they should not be driving and performing whatever activity it is that is preoccupying their minds, hands, and mouths, all at the same time. So, what kinds of driving activities pose as bad driving habits or hazards on the road? How do the activities alter the driver's state of mind and concentration? The usual culprit that creates a dangerous driving habit is technology. It is not uncommon to see people driving with one hand on the wheel and the other holding a cellphone up to his ear while navigating dangerous turns and traffic lights. Women rushing out the door with curlers in their hair also try to put on make up while driving to work. Needless to say, the rearview mirror is not for applying mascara to the face. Speaking of rushing out the door, today's fast paced life style also insures that most people do not have time to have a decent breakfast before flying out the door. A quick trip through a drive through gives you the most common dangerous driving habit ever to be performed by man. Instead of keeping an eye on the road, the driver ends up with his eye on the sandwich and trying to balance the drink that he so does not need spilling unto his lap. Aside from these everyday-driving hazards that drivers do not seem to realize they are performing, there are also the bad driving habits that are caused by speeding. This is the tendency of a hurried driver to run down a pedestrian is greater and the possibility of loosing control of the wheel is a seriously dangerous reality. Not to forget, some drivers forget to use their turn signals and this often times causes accidents between other cars or pedestrians. By simply using these simple warning devices, accidents can be avoided. I would also like to mention that people who do not use their signal lights usually end up engaged in a violent game of road rage. Other drivers tend to get irritated and worked up into frenzy when the driver in front of them fails to use their signal lights and almost runs the driver behind him into an accident. Another example of a bad driving habit is an over confident and cocky driver behind the wheel. This is usually a bad habit attributed to experienced drivers because their driving route they traverse has become such a routine that they think they can navigate it with their eyes closed. So when an activity that poses a threat to the life and limb of the driver and those around him jogs the driver to reality, they are usually unprepared to respond to the situation. Basically, dangerous driving habits are not something permanent. If you remain conscious of your driving habits and remember to always stick to the rules of the road, there is no reason for one to become one of the many drivers on the road these days with terrible driving habits. Safe driving is practically just common sense and is not hard to follow. Just remember, bad driving habits means that you are just lucky that the grim reaper hasn't decided to take you yet. It never hurts to err on the side of caution and drive safely for a happy long life. Outline: I.Introduction to dangerous driving habits II.Technological advancements that cause bad driving habits III.Bad driving habits brought about by a fast paced lifestyle IV. Bad driving habits caused by speeding V. Bad driving habits caused by complacency of the driver in his driving skills VI.Suggestions to alter bad driving habits VII. Conclusion Work Cited â€Å"Dangerous Driving Habits†. Ezine Articles. 2006.May 8, 2007.

The Rise And Falls To Modern Medicine Essays - Surgeon, Bloodletting

The Rise And Falls To Modern Medicine Essays - Surgeon, Bloodletting The Rise And Falls To Modern Medicine In the Miller's Tale, Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the parish priest assistant Absolon and his sexual interests in Allison, the miller's daughter. In addition to his religious duties, he also had obligations in hair cutting. He could laten blood, shave, and clippe. This latter term fives rise to the medical treatment bleeding which was performed by most barbers of that era. After the disappearance of medicine during the Dark Ages, a new knowledge surfaced throughout the medical community. During these times there were a great many scientific breakthroughs. The findings of William Harvey proved that blood traveled through veins away from the heart. Claudius Galen, a renowned physician and philosopher, succeeded in explaining the function of nerves, brain structures, and some physiological tendencies of the body. However, he also contributed to the hindrance of medical advancement. He performed dissections on the human body to better his understanding as a physician. His only knowledge of the human anatomy was from that of animals; therefore, the public or medical community did not accept his studies. His incompetence slowed medical process for along time; thus, hie teaching were politely shoved aside so that physicians could search for a scientific basis for medical knowledge. This new direction of medical practices still held onto some of the old mediev al ways. Other than cutting hair, barbers were surgeons attending to small wounds, doing minor surgery, and bleeding. People believed that bloodletting could aside in many diseases though it resulted only in the rapid spread of deaths among people with potential to recover. This renaissance uncovered many discoveries that lead to the use of modern medicine such as the stethoscope, the digestive system, serums, antitoxins, and even hypnosis. The ways in medieval times initiated some of the greatest medical advances in the world, though today's society would probably be more accepting to surgeons acting as barbers on the side and NOT vice versa! Bibliography The Roots of modern medicine. http//noonyide.lick.pvt.k12.ca.us/Lick/courses/intro/h2/med/medm1.html The Roots of Roman Medicine. http://noontide.lick.pvt.k12.ca.us/Lick/courses/intro/h2/med/medr1.html

Join the Freelance Writing Course †2016 Edition

Join the Freelance Writing Course – 2016 Edition Join the Freelance Writing Course 2016 Edition Join the Freelance Writing Course 2016 Edition By Daniel Scocco Every single week we receive an email from someone asking when the next Freelance Writing Course will be offered, as we only run it once or twice a year. If you are one of those, wait no more! Today we are opening the doors to the 2016 edition (click here to get all the details and join). People love the course because it allows you to create a new or second income source. Freelance writing on the web is something that anyone can do, regardless of your age, location or current profession. All you need is an Internet connection and a word processor. Many of our past students have regular jobs and take freelance writing gigs on the side, to supplement their salary. Others had so much success with the model that they decided to freelance write full time. Regardless if you want to make some money on the side or generate a full time income, our Freelance Writing Course will give all the information and tools you need to achieve it. The course runs for 6 weeks, and every week you get access to a new module. They are: 1. Writing Productivity: You’ll learn how to become a prolific writer, which is essential if you want to make money writing. 2. Building an Online Presence: Setting up a website is not enough these days. You need to know how to promote it and how to reach the right people online. 3. Writing for the Web: Freelance writing is changing, and this module focuses on the differences you’ll face while freelance writing for websites and online publications. 4. Finding Clients: Probably the most important module. Here you’ll learn where and how to find your first clients, and how to obtain high-paying writing gigs over time. 5. Running a Writing Business: Freelance writing is like any business, and as such you’ll need to manage it efficiently if you want to increase your earnings over time. 6. Social Media: In this module you’ll discover tactics you can use to leverage social media sites to boost your career. We offer a money back guarantee for 60 days, so you can take the whole course without any risk. Come join over 1200 students who took the course in the past. Click here to get all the details and enroll! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtLatin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowHonorary vs. Honourary

The shear box test on soil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The shear box test on soil - Essay Example The shear box test has an advantage over test because of the simplicity of equipment used and the ease in setting it up. The Shear test box also tests soil samples under different conditions such as consolidation, drainage, and saturation conditions. Another advantage of the shear box test is that it is easy to visualize what is happening to the soil as the test is being carried out. Various processes using the shear box test determine these properties. In determining the soil, these properties the results of the test are tabulated and graphs are drawn. Interpretation of the graphs is what gives significant meaning to some of the soil properties being studied. Purpose of the test A shear box test is used in geotechnical engineering to test various properties of soil. These soil properties include; friction angle, peak shear strength, soil cohesion, and the residual shear strength of the soil being studied. The key purpose for carrying out the test is to enable geotechnical engineers decide on the consolidated-drained shear strength of a silt to sandy soil. Shear strength is a very important aspect in engineering when determining soil properties. This is because most structures are based on soil’s shearing strength or resistance. Therefore, any time a structure is to be constructed it is important that the soil’s shear resistance be analyzed as the first step to decide on the whether it will be possible to construct. The shear strength of a discontinuity is considered to be of lower strength when compared to blocks with intact material between the discontinuities. These important facts and the results of shear tests enable the engineers to determine important aspects of engineering. These include determining the bearing dimensions for foundations, computing the stability of cuts and slopes, and in finding the amount of pressure that an area of soil exerts on the wall it retains (Price & De Freitas, 2009, p. 361). Brief description of the test set u p The Apparatus â€Å"A definitive test apparatus mainly consists of the following apparatus. Rigid split box that has a top and a bottom these are place inside a shear box carriage, which is box, shaped. The carriage rests on a pair of rollers that are aligned to move along two grooved tracks. The shear apparatus is controlled by a motor, which is also connected in the apparatus† (Huat, et al., 2005, p. 1284). The set up The test is carried out on three or four specimen taken from a comparatively undisturbed soil samples. The set-up of the test experiment follows the following procedures: 1. The first step is to weigh the initial mass of the soil sample 1. Next is to take the shear box’s measurements that are the diameter and height 2. From the measurements calculate what 15 percent of the diameter will be in millimeters 3. Next step involves assembling the shear box and placing it into the shear device. 4. Place a porous stone and a filter paper into the shear box 5. Pour the soil sample, for example sand, inside the shear box and remove the top layer to ensure it is level 6. Put a porous stone on top of the sand then cover it with a filter paper and then place the top plate which usually has a ball 7. After that take away the alignment screws that are in the shear box and using these screws open the gap that is between the two shear box halves to 0.025 inches. After that remove the screws from the gaps 8. Take the weight of the soil again and calculate the total mass of soil used 9. Finish assembling the device and set the three