The Merchant Of Venice As A Romantic Comedy - Critical Analysis :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

We can follow the cause of Comedy to Dionysis-the Greek God of Wine who was amusing, ironical and contemptuous in soul. Ben Jonson in ‘Volpone’ (1605) that is viewed as the best satire in English typified the old style soul of parody. Shakespeare knew about the old style convention by the decided to follow the Roman custom of Petrarch and Boccacio. Shakespeare’s early comedies were old style in soul however the later ones were increasingly enthusiastic, whimsical and hilarious. ‘The Merchant of Venice’ falls between there two classifications. It drives the rundown of develop comedies; has more Romantic qualities than old style. It is additionally probably the most punctual creation of the center time frame. In this play Shakespeare appears to have gotten the most noteworthy utilization of his forces as a writer, his resources as an artist and rationalist appear to be moving toward their excellent development without losing the zest and confidence of youth. There is loftiness of thought and articulation. Sentiment was an old custom and Romantic thoughts were normal during Shakespeare’s time. Lighthearted comedy in the sixteenth C was intended for the Aristocracy and the entertainment in the plays was intended for the groundlings. There were numerous contrasts between the Romantic Comedies and traditional comedies. In the old style custom, the characters were given savage power and the plays were practical, profound and basic. In any case, in Romantic comedies that Shakespeare composed there was a lot of with however there was additionally an intrigue to the feelings as opposed to the mind and they were likewise less basic in reason. Like Meredith stated, they are â€Å"thunders of giggling dispelling any confusion air and heart.† It is a parody of feelings, which wins the audience’s compassion for the misfortunes and exhalations of the characters. The different qualities of Romantic comedies are available in ‘The Merchant of Venice’. The main subjects of a large portion of these plays were Love and Friendship. These comedies were a piece of Love and its complex alterations. What's more, on one level ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is likewise a play about companionship and love. In the principal scene itself Antonio shows the idea of adoration and companionship that he feels for Bassanio, â€Å"My handbag, my individual, my extremest methods Falsehood all opened to your occasions.† The affection for companionship appears to direct a large portion of Antonio’s activities. He signs the Flesh Bond and it tends to be viewed as a definitive motion that he can make for companionship.

Marbury v. Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marbury v. Madison - Essay Example The realities that encompassed Marbury’s case were intricate. In any case, following the appointment of 1800; the new Democratic-Republican Party drove by Thomas Jefferson won the political race against the John Adam’s Federalist Party. This annihilation by Thomas Jefferson made an air of fanatic tension for the intermediary Federalists2. As Adams turned out to be near finishing his term in office, he delegated a few equity of harmony for the District of Columbia who were endorsed by the Senate and got the president’s endorsement. The President’s mark was joined with the government’s official seal. The commissions were not conveyed; in any case, upon President Jefferson’s presumption of office by March 5, 1801, he requested his Secretary of State by the name of James Madison, not to convey the commissions. One of the deputies called William Marbury, and afterward documented a request to the Supreme Court for a legitimate request or a writ of mandamus that planned for convincing Madison to show the purposes for him not being qualified to get his bonus. Boss Justice Marshall was called upon to illuminate the case, and was to react to three inquiries. One of the inquiries was to decide if Marbury has a privilege to writ for which he requested. The subsequent one was whether the U.S. laws allowed the court to give Marbury such a lawful request. The third inquiry was, on the off chance that they did, could such a writ be provided by the Supreme Court3? Reacting to the main inquiry, Marshal made a decision that expressed that Marbury had been honestly selected in understanding to the law, and accordingly, reserved an option to the writ. He further expressed that since Marbury had a legitimate right to his bonus and the law was to grant him a cure. The Chief Justice felt free to demonstrate that it was the specific commitment of the courts to ensure

Blogging Is The Salt Shaker Of My Life

Blogging Is The Salt Shaker Of My Life Though I usually try to avoid being serious on the blogs, Ive always felt truly honored to be an MIT admissions blogger, and by always I mean since I became an admissions blogger. To this day, I maintain that both the freshman admissions and blogger selection committees plucked me from the masses purely for comic relief. But what drives us bloggers and our tireless devotion to describing, in unnecessarily sordid detail, the microwaved ramen we ate last night while trying to finish slews of problem sets, and how, through an unnecessarily labyrinthine analogy, the caked MSG coating every mouthful of cheap sustenance reminded us of the importance of balancing work and fun because fun is the seasoning of life but needs to complement the substance of our life experiences, or something equally contrived yet somehow ambiguously true? What fuels our persistent struggle to uncover the truth and beauty behind depriving ourselves of sleep to slog through our scientifically rigorous work, for the sole purpose of clearing away enough free time to do more science? Is it vanity? Is it masochism? Is it all an elaborate conspiracy, and have our thumbnail pictures recently been replaced with cartoons due to copyright infringement because we are, in fact, fake people made up by MIT? A lot of bloggers are fresh with the residual excitement of being prefrosh. They remember how intriguing that little glimpse into MIT through the blogs was, or how curious they were about the Institvte. Thats still true for me, although I wasnt hired until I was a bitter, jaded junior, when Id completely forgotten that the blogs existed and only happened to see the 2010 blogger application because it was posted around the same time as an entry Yan shared on Facebook that I clicked on while bored. But this is what I get out of blogging. Within the Secret Blogger Handbook, issued to all baby bloggers upon their inception, there is a lone yet chillingly effective guideline to blogging propriety: Imagine you are writing a letter to your grandmother. And not your cool grandmother who has purple hair and a Harley, but rather your lovable but easily shocked grandmother who loves you very much and always bakes cookies for you but who only rents PG movies and thinks MTV is disgraceful. This, combined with the underlying knowledge that I am writing to tens of thousands of prospective applicants, their parents, and potentially anyone who knows how to use a search engine, particularly future employers, obviously means that I have to impose some kind of standard upon myself. I can no longer rely on your mom jokes to distract from a lackluster turn of phrase, or to propel a drowning post inherently doomed by a lack of substance. I cant be boring. Its started to carry over into real life, too. But sometimes, Ive just about had it with the Institvte. Its been a long three days. I dont really care how space optimization in C memory allocation works any more. I just want to go to sleep for 36 hours and then wake up and microwave some leftovers and spend the rest of the day in a bathrobe with my cat on my lap, reading weird postmodern literature. Stumbling toward the nearest couch, I am about to do just this, when someone runs down the hallway with an exciting idea. It is something as straightforward as doing algorithms homework outside instead of hunched over a table, or riding on someones shoulders while wrapped in a Snuggie so that we look like an unwieldy, pregnant, fleece-coated giant, or learning Haskell, which is one of the most intimidating programming languages that has actual practical uses. Or its something as completely ridiculous as scripting a comedic mockumentary about two Asian-nerds-turned-rappers soul-searching through the streets of NYC and complaining about their first world problems, and then getting someone who works at Media Lab to break us into the lobby in the middle of the night so we can film it. Often, when faced with this dilemma, I think briefly of you, and of Chriss frequent email reminders to the bloggers to post more often. I possibly microsleep while standing for half a second, and have a brief, vertigo-inducing dream about carrots baking cakes in the interim. And then I decide that today will be a day worth blogging about, even if I dont end up blogging about it. Literally every time you ask an MIT student how their week was, theyll say, Crazy, and the next week, the circles under their eyes will be even darker and theyll say, Crazier. So I figure, if MIT is going to be crazy, it had better be crazy in a good way. You dont have to keep an high-traffic online log of your MIT experience to motivate its awesomeness, but having one subconsciously reminds me, whenever Im feeling down, that an experience worth blogging about is not often one to regret. So welcome, baby bloggers. I hope you enjoy the worlds greatest part-time job. And welcome, prefrosh. I hope the next four years are everything you dreamed of and much more.

The Changing Role Of Women Essay examples - 578 Words

The Changing Role Of Women The role of women has changed in the last 100 years. However women have yet to achieve full equality with men. The role of women has changed in several ways. In the last century, only men went out to work. Women were expected to stay at home and take care of the household and the domestic side of things. This included the cooking, cleaning, laundry, ironing etc. However, the improvement in technology has meant that the household jobs have been made much easier and timesaving. These labour saving devices include freezers, washing machines, microwave cookers, food processors, vacuum cleaners and manufactured food such as canned, tinned and frozen food as well as†¦show more content†¦The interviewer will ask questions like Do you have any young children? which gives most of an effect on women. They will not ask this to men because it is not important when it comes to men, as they are not the parent that is constantly looking after them. One of the only times when a male parent is looking after their children is if they are a single parent or the mother is needed elsewhere. Also, if women were asked the question, do you intend to have any children, now or in the future, men arent as affected by the situation as women would be. If a woman were to fall pregnant, she wouldnt be bale to work as efficiently as she usually does, and also she will have to take maternity leave towards the end of her pregnancy. Employers know that men wont be as affected. Some employers think that men are more suitable for jobs and they work more efficiently, therefore men are more likely to be employed. This is an example of sexism that women have to put up with. Yet women did do a great job when the two World Wars were taking place. The men had to go to be soldiers and there was no one to take the jobs they were leaving behind. The only option was for women to take them over and they proved themselves by working proficiently and with very much at ease. They hadnt even had any working experience or even any trainingShow MoreRelatedEvidence Of The Changing Roles Of Women In Women And Women984 Words   |  4 Pagesevidence of the changing roles of female involvement within terrorist organisations along with increasing numbers of female Islamic terrorists (Bakkers de Leede, 2015; Lavina, 2015). Terrorist organisations traditionally maintained gendered specific roles and women predominantly provided a support type role (Bakker de Leede, 2015). This was in the form of bearing children or recruiters (Bloom, 2011). This has been evolving with instances of women actively engaging in violent Islamic terrorismRead MoreThe Changing Role of Women in 1920s811 Words   |  4 Pagesnew woman. Significant changes for women took place in politics, at home, in workplace, and in education. POLITICAL CHANGE: Many women believed that it was their right and duty to take a serious part in politics. When passed in 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote but surprisingly, some women didnt want the vote. A widespread attitude was that womens roles and mens roles did not overlap, this idea of separate spheres held that women should concern themselves with homeRead MoreEssay on The Changing Roles of Women1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Changing Roles of Women Life in the American colonies between 1600 and 1780, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was profoundly influenced by the nearness of the people and the soil. During the colonial period, even the largest cities were never vary far removed from the backcountry farms that supported them with agricultural and household industry products. Townspeople were in close daily contact with farmers for their survival. Farmers relied on the nearest town to market theirRead MoreThe Changing Role of Women in Society3189 Words   |  13 PagesChanging Role of Women in Society How was the status of woman and their rights represented in western society in the 1600 to early 20th century? For centuries, woman and their rights have been oppressed by the dominance of man. There has been continued struggle for the recognition of woman’s cultural roles and achievements, and for their social and political rights. It was very much a patriarchal society for woman, which hindered or prevented woman from realizing their productive and creative possibilitiesRead MoreChanging Economic Role of Women3143 Words   |  13 Pagesmyself what I want for other women, absolute equality. After that is secured, then men and women can take turns at being angels. - Agnes Macphail The 20th century has been a period of rapid and far-reaching change for many women but life for women in some parts of the world still remains harsh. Even where females have experienced great advances like those in Canada, there are still some similarities between their economic role today and the role of women in the 1900s. During the 19thRead MoreThe Changing Roles of Women of Sweden3338 Words   |  14 Pageschanges in the roles of the Swedish woman. There is no doubt that this is the case. The degree to which and the speed with which changes have occurred, however, are somewhat more difficult to evaluate. At the same time, if womens roles change, mens roles should change too, especially if womens new roles begin to invade areas previously held by the men. We can, therefore conclude that changes in one role bring about changes in other roles. Not only are changes in women and mens roles of importanceRead MoreThe Changing Role of Women in Society483 Words   |  2 PagesThe Changing Role of Women in Society A womens role has changed tremendously and is making its greatest impact in our society today. Many years ago, womens contribution to society was limited and controlled by men. Women are standing tall and are playing a major role in many important areas. Womens role has changed at an accelerating rate and have part in areas such as Politics, Professional Training Jobs, Medicine,Business and Law. Formerly they were not part of any political matter, butRead MoreChanging Role of Women in Indian Politics1554 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Women Empowerment† is a government slogan. There is a ministry for Women and Child development. There are laws against female foeticide, domestic violence and sexual harassment in the workplace. Determined women are carving their own niche in every field including those which were entirely male dominated till 1947. Despite all this they remain second class citizens in almost every sense in rural areas across India. Crime against women continues to i ncrease, female foeticide is very common amongRead MoreChanging Roles Of Women During The 1920s1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthis time period was in the roles of women. During this time period, women started dressing different, leaving the house, getting jobs, and gaining rights. On top of all of that, they had a bigger role in education, they began taking parts in politics, and divorce became more of a common thing. This may not seem like a big deal to people today, but this was very important at the time. Prior, women had next to no rights. They lived to wait on and please their husbands. Women rarely even left the houseRead MoreThe changing roles of women since 18653016 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ The changing roles of women since 1865 American History Since 1865 HIS204 January 20, 2014 The changing roles of women since 1865 During colonial America women’s roles were that of maintaining the household, birthing and minding the children, and a supportive role to the man of the house. This role changed little over time until 1848 when the women’s rights movement started at the Seneca Falls Convention. It was at the convention when Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave a Declaration

Tacitus s Influence On The Roman Empire - 2166 Words

Tacitus talks about the influence of Agrippina the younger as a sign of weakness of the principate representing Claudius and Nero as her pawn. Her position of power as a female to this day is unmatched; known as the granddaughter, daughter, sister, wife, and mother of men. ( Tacitus) Agrippina, an Imperial woman of the Julio-Claudian bloodline a female Caesar lived through all five of the Julio-Claudian emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. Agrippina the younger roles in the empire is recognized but is not credited for the influence she had in shaping the Roman Empire from the time of Claudius to the beginning of Nero’s reign. Tacitus is writing is from the perspective of an old Roman Senator providing the accounts of Agrippina life in power from a male point of view. His accounts of her life portray her as a vindictive, scandalous female who has stepped above her station. (Tacitus) Suetonius another old Roman Senator accounts would agree with Tacitus in regards to Agrippina s outrageous behavior. However, it can be argued that she was an emperor while she is not given credit her influence played a huge part in affecting the direction of the Empire and Roman society especially when it comes to women in a position of power. Tacitus and Suetonius provide fragments of the history of the Roman Empire through the Julio-Claudian reign. Agrippina the younger bloodline is strong as a descendant of Augustus and Agrippa; she s connected to all five emperors.Show MoreRelatedWhat Are Tacitus Motivations For Writing The Annals2556 Words   |  11 PagesWhat are Tacitus reasons (both explicit and implicit) for writing The Annals? Tacitus’ motivations for writing The Annals are multifaceted. First, he was promoting the stance that the empire, despite its shortcomings, was necessary for the stability of Rome at the time. Secondly, he wanted to give an honest and fair account of Rome during the reigns of four emperors of the principate: Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius and Nero. A republic, like Rome, moves at a maddeningly slow pace. Legislation is putRead MoreThe Roman Republic1412 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 26, 2016 As a descendent of the deified Emperor Augustus, Agrippina was born into a powerful and respected family. She exploited this power, obtaining a level of influence over her husband and son that was only available to ambitious, imperial men. Her use of manipulation and violence has led ancient writers, such as Tacitus, to describe her political career as inappropriate and excessive. But I will argue against these views. On the contrary, I will show that because of her political achievementsRead MoreThe Life of Emperor Nero Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pagesorder for her son to be the next Emperor of Rome. It wasn’t apparent that her son was to become one of the most feared and cruel leaders in Roman history from 54 CE to 68 CE. By examining his achievements and failures as an emperor, his influences and changes over the entire economic, political and social spectrum are revealed. At this stage in the Roman Empire things were extremely dangerous and many power struggles within the royal family were arising. With the demise of the sadistic Emperor CaligulaRead MoreThe Eternal City1418 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest empires of the century. Rome was accepted to be established around 509 B.c. It began turning into a country after the Romans drove out the Etruscan lord. Little did the Romans realize that driving out their lords was the start of the best and biggest realms ever known to history. After the fall of Monarchy another type of government was setup, called the republic. Which they thought would keep any people from picking up an excessive amount of force. As stated by Moses Hadas in Tacitus â€Å" BesidesRead MoreEssay about Latin Literature in History1232 Words   |  5 Pageswhich Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educational standard, given that a mans rhetoric, his ability to push the buttons of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the mans rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Romes imperialization, identical persuasive technique began to show itself in Roman literature. But Greek themes were just a backbone in Roman literatureRead More Latin Literature In History Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pageswhich Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educatio nal standard, given that a man’s rhetoric, his ability to â€Å"push the buttons† of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the man’s rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Rome’s imperialization, identical persuasive technique began to show itself in Roman literature. But Greek themes were just a backbone in Roman literatureRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire is widely regarded as one of, if not the most dominant government to ever exist. Early civilization in Europe was dominated by the Romans, and their constantly growing empire. With the help of Greek political ideas, the Romans adopted one very similar where supreme power is held by the people from their elected representatives. These representatives were a part of the Senate, where all political laws were made and enforced, very similar idea to the type of Senate that existsRead MoreAgrippina the Younger Essay3935 Words   |  16 PagesPersonality Agrippina The Younger Historical Context Roman Social and political structures Imperial Family Emperor From the time of Augustus, exercised total control over * Political * Military * Economic * Religious affairs Family Members of the Juio-Claudian family enjoyed considerable power and influence Upper Classes Consular Came from noble families – senators who had achieved office of consul and were respected because of their experience and authorityRead MoreThe Political System Of Rome3307 Words   |  14 Pagessavagely, on the floor of the Roman senate. A year later, in 43 BC, the second triumvirate took power. It was formed by three men: Octavian – Julius Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son, Marc Antony – a Roman general and Marcus Lepidus a high priest. It was agreed that Lepidus should have control over the provinces of Hispania and Africa, ‘effectively neutralising him and as he was thereby kept from any power play in Rome’. Octavian and Antony divided the Roman Empire between themselves, West andRead MoreFrancis Bacon15624 Words   |  63 Pagespassionate detractors. And, it is interesting to note that both these extreme positions are occasioned by the very same properties of his style. Bacon ushered in the modern era of writing English prose. F.G Selby says that, â€Å"The part of Bacon’s influence is of course due to the charm of his style† To be sure, there is a marked difference in the style of his earlier essays and that of his later ones. But, the important fact is that the difference is one of approach and not one of technique. In the

Arranged Marriage A Choice Essay - 1161 Words

Shreya Brahmbhatt Mrs. Vescelius AP Language and Composition 09 April, 2015 Arranged Marriage: A Choice We have always been told to take the path take that will guide us to a better future. We have been asked numerous questions about what are majors will be in college, at what age do we see ourselves settled down and married. I too have been asked, but not the reaction I had expected. This conversation came up when I was talking to a group of friends where I had been asked if I would agree to an arranged marriage, due to my ethnicity. Just as I had answered yes, more questions and comments were hurled my way. â€Å"Aren’t arranged marriages loveless marriage, you’re okay with that?† â€Å"Are you really going to be forced to marriage a stranger?† â€Å"Don’t those only happen in India?† If we were to ask the question, â€Å"what is marriage?†, we would be likely say that it is the bond between a husband and a wife or recite the dictionary definition: â€Å"the legally recognized union of a man and a woman as partners in a relationship.à ¢â‚¬  So what is an arranged marriage? If we search the internet, an arranged marriage, according to Webster dictionary, is â€Å"a marriage in which the husband and wife are chosen for each other by their parents.† Yet Oxford dictionary and Google, the most common search engine used around the world, describes arranged marriages as â€Å"a marriage planned and agreed to by the families or guardians of the bride and groom, who have little or no say in the matter themselves.† OnShow MoreRelatedArranged Marriage vs. Free-choice Marriage Faizan Sadiq1614 Words   |  7 PagesArranged Marriage vs. Free-choice MarriageHappy marriages begin when we marry the ones we love, and they blossom when we love the ones we marry (Tom Mullen, 2005, p.1). It is argued that free-choice marriages based on love or romance, offer more independence and freedom as compared to arranged marriages where the man and woman are chosen by the parents and so there is pressure and is not so suitable and independent. However, no marriage is necessarily an ideal sort of marriage. Therefore, it becomesRead MoreBanning Arranged Marriages Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesArranged marriages have been around for a while and they still are. In some countries arranged marriages are actually tradition but it is wrong to arrange a marriage for necessity instead of love. Did you know that arranged marriages can be annulled? You can legally annul your arranged marriage with a legal court session. With arranged marriages, you hurt your children more than help them. By marrying them at a young age, they dont get much education. Arranged Marriages are cruel becauseRead MoreArranged Marriage And Other Types Of Marriage1635 Words   |  7 PagesAn arranged marriage by definition is a marriage planned and agreed upon by the families or guardians of the bride and groom. The amount of input a bride or groom has is based on the type of arranged marriage (Psychology Wiki). Arranged marriage i s a sensitive topic as it involves the values, beliefs and core characteristics of many people. There are multiple views on arranged marriage, both positive and negative. In the west, most individuals have negative opinions on arranged marriage. ArrangedRead MoreThe Marriage Of Arranged Marriage1619 Words   |  7 Pageshad a choice to marry for love, but, unfortunately, their parents did not. Imagine the world where family members or close friends chose your spouse based on their expectations. Should this be the way to go about marriage, or does this hinder a person’s ability to live for themselves? In India alone, around 90% of marriages are arranged by their families (CNN). They would choose who ever they believe would best fit the person, but not necessarily love them (Queano). Although arranged marriage is aRead MoreArranged Marriages Should Not Be Lawful1128 Words   |  5 Pagessolemn vow.† In an arranged marriage, two complete strangers come together by family , religion, or ethics to become spouses. Stating these meaning packed words, the two vow lives to one another while barely knowing the other. Yet, that is whom the parents have chosen, so that is whom the person must wed. When this takes place self-choice becomes eliminated and God-given rights become invisible. Arranged marriages should not be lawful in the United States. Arranged marriages are an insult to theRead MoreTwo Different kinds of Marriage Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pageswe talk about marriage, what comes on your mind? Marriage is a union between a man and woman, particularly regulated by law in which they become a husband and wife. Selecting a husband and wife is one of the most important decisions of a person’s life because a marriage can bring either a happy or unhappy life. Choosing the best partner is one of the key to get a happy marriage. Talking about partners, which one do you prefer to marry, the person whom you love or arranged marriage, that is, yourRead MoreFamily Marriage Dynamics : From Personal Observation1617 Words   |  7 PagesFamily Marriage Dynamics: From Personal Observation Introduction Marriage is an important institution that involves the union of people who are committed to establish a family. Due to the significance of marriage in many societies, it is considered a cultural issue that is affected by factors such as parental influence, religion, education background, occupation and even socioeconomic status. In many societies across the world, marriage has been partly arranged by parents based on familial considerationsRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1026 Words   |  5 Pagestime arranged marriages were the norm in several societies. In the comedy, A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, Hermia is in love with Lysander, but her father wants her to marry Demetrius. She escapes into the woods with Lysander. Just like Hermia, many people around the world are forced to marry someone that their parents choose for them. Love marriage vs. Arranged marriage is always a debated topic. While there are instances of love marriages working out, there are arranged marriagesRead MoreIslamic Ideas on Arranged Marriages1887 Words   |  7 Pages Marriage is an institute commemorated in most parts of the world. Unlike western societies, where love is a precondition to marriage, in many other parts of the world it is still not a requirement. A popular saying among these traditional cultures is first comes marriage, and then comes love. The Islamic community is one of the many cultures that embrace arranged marriages. Until very recently, research on Islamic marriage and family formation have been sparse. Raeann Hamon summarizes this absenceRead MoreArranged Marriage : The Union Between Two People For Better And Worse1724 Words   |  7 Pages20th October 2014 Arranged marriage Marriage is known as the union between two people for better and worse where they both love and respect each other. So what should be the right definition for arranged marriage? Simply arranged marriage is defined as, a traditional marriage that is arranged by the families of the bride and groom where both of them give their consent to be married. This type of marriage is quite common in Muslim communities, royal families (Diplomatic Marriages) and some countries

Tim Kreider’s ‘The Busy Trap’ Essay Sample free essay sample

Tim Kreider’s ‘The Busy Trap. ’ is an expositive essay in which Kreider speaks out about the world’s eternal compulsion with unneeded or dashing undertakings. The article manages to paint a image of what society positions as ‘busy’ along with the negative impact has on one’s mental wellness. Kreider provinces that society sees being busy as a agency of looking accomplished and productive. In today’s society. being bogged down and holding virtually no free clip is deemed â€Å"good. † It’s the remainder of the universe who are deemed â€Å"unimportant† in comparing to these overdriven. dying persons. Kreider non merely marks grownups who have fallen victim to the addition in the busy life style but kids every bit good who have taken on more than their small heads can wrap itself about. Today’s kids are bombarded with many activities ; from association football pattern to classical music lessons. Children are missing free clip. There’s nil for them apart from acquiring an early start on solidifying a concrete hereafter. But what can be said apart from the fact that this is what society has begun to bore into their small heads. Like Kreider insists. concern is illustriousness. However. in all truths what are kids truly larning when they are loaded with excessively many activities that has their heads twirling apart from the very definitions of such words as exhausted. tired and drained? Kreider takes a minute to reflect on his ain childhood in which he did nil more than spend ( or to those obsessed with being busy ) blow his clip making silly unconstructive things. Thingss such as doing alive movies. acquiring together with friends. surfing the Word Book Encyclopedia – being a kid. To Kreider. these things made up the best old ages of his life. These things moulded him into the individual he would everlastingly stay – they provided him with valuable accomplishments. Unlike the people of today who know perfectly nil more than work. work and more work. Kreider makes certain that his reade r gets the thought into his/her caput of merely what being â€Å"busy† entails. A individual who deems themselves as such isn’t person who’s commutation by coach to three or more minimal pay occupations. Oh no. A â€Å"busy† individual. is person who willing – voluntarily loads themselves with so many things that scheduling a drink with a good brother becomes about impossible. These people. have made a pick to go busy. They are so afraid and filled with guilt at the mere facet of non holding something to maintain themselves occupied that they would instead lose out on their lives alternatively of non holding something to maintain them occupied. The job here isn’t that working is a offense. No. the job here is that these â€Å"busy† persons have a phobic disorder of being idle. But what’s incorrect with holding a small down clip? Even Kreider admits to holding more of it than anything else. Why do people desire to be so cranky? So utterly and wholly tender. Anxiety and depression are non traits one should see attractive when looking for a mate. Just inquire Kreider’s friend who learned that difficult manner. Idleness. from Kreider’s poi nt of position is something he sees every bit â€Å"indispensable† as Vitamin D is to the encephalon. Simply put. we all need a small â€Å"me† clip. A small clip to merely sit back and take a long breathing place. To acquire off from the feverish lives that define who we are and if you’re anything like Kreider so you can still be ambitious with a small intimation of laziness thrown in at that place for good step! However. non everyone feels this manner. Throughout the article. Kreider invariably hits place by emphasizing how people feels as if they aren’t busy so there’s nil deserving life for. They’ve go excessively cloaked up in the pandemonium of their lives that there’s small to no clip for anything else. They claim to be tired. They claim to be exhausted but isn’t this nil but a screen up for all the irrelevant things that is traveling on in their lives? What could perchance be so of import that one has to pencil in tiffin day of the months with their buddies? What could perchance be so of import that one throws off their full life merely to work? Has the universe forgotten that working is something God made as a penalty? It shouldn’t be viewed as the greatest thing homo sort has of all time done! Kreider gives his ain personal illustration. taking to explicate his experience with going a busy organic structure. He expresses his feelings – the anxiousness. the inability to take the force per unit area. He did non like experiencing that manner. He did non like cognizing that he had no interest in his ain life. He’d lost control and to what? Busyness. For Kreider. it felt like that mat had been pulled right out from beneath him. He’d lost control of his life and had winded up overworked. stressed out and unable to manage the lifting force per unit area ; ensuing in a complete meltdown. To him. no 1 should desire this sort of life. No 1 should desire to fly from their lives when things get excessively brainsick as he himself learned. But it seems no 1 is listening. Alternatively of being assaulted by these â€Å"obligations. † Kreider sees a manner out. He sees the demand to take a interruption as something urgent. He encourages idling. He wants the universe to take a minute and walk off from the emphasiss of life. In the article. Kreider citations people such as Arthur C. Clarke and Thomas Pynchon as primary illustrations of some of the greatest people of all time who didn’t allow this demand to be occupied halt them from populating their dreams. Through idling. Kreider sees that dreams can be. In it we can larn who we are. what we wish to come and take the stairss we need to in order to hold a better tomorrow. In the terminal. to Kreider the ideal human life resides someplace between his ain noncompliant laziness and the remainder of the world’s frantic bunco.

Binary Classification

Top French Pronunciation Mistakes and Difficulties

Top French Pronunciation Mistakes and Difficulties Many students find that pronunciation is the hardest part of learning French. The new sounds, the silent letters, the liaisons - they all combine to make speaking French very tricky. If you really want to perfect your French pronunciation, your best option is to work with a native French speaker, preferably one who specializes in accent training. If that isnt possible, then you need to take things into your own hands by listening to French as much as possible, and by studying and practicing the pronunciation aspects that you find most difficult. Here is a list of the top French pronunciation difficulties and mistakes, with links to detailed lessons and sound files. The French R The French R has been the bane of French students since time immemorial. OK, maybe its not quite that bad, but the French R is pretty tricky for a lot of French students. The good news is that it is possible for a non-native speaker to learn how to pronounce it. Really. If you follow my step-by-step instructions and practice a lot, youll get it. The French U The French U is another tricky sound, at least for English speakers, for two reasons: its hard to say and its sometimes difficult for untrained ears to distinguish it from the French OU. But with practice, you can definitely learn how to hear and say it. Nasal Vowels Nasal vowels are the ones that make it sound like the speakers nose is stuffed up. In fact, nasal vowel sounds are created by pushing air through the nose and mouth, rather than just the mouth as you do for regular vowels. Its not so difficult once you get the hang of it - listen, practice, and you will learn. Accents French accents do more than just make words look foreign - they modify pronunciation and meaning too. Therefore, its extremely important to know which accents do what, as well as how to type them. You dont even need to buy a French keyboard - accents can be typed on virtually any computer. Silent Letters Many French letters are silent, and a lot of them are found at the end of words. However, not all final letters are silent. Confused? Read over these lessons to get a general idea of which letters are silent in French. H  Muet  / Aspirà © Whether its an  H  muet  or an  H aspirà ©, the French H is always silent, yet it has a strange ability to act as a consonant or like a vowel. That is, the  H aspirà ©, although silent, acts like a consonant and does not allow contractions or liaisons to occur in front of it. But the  H  muet  acts like a vowel, so contractions and liaisons are required in front of it. Confusing? Just take the time to memorize the type of H for the most common words, and youre all set. Liaisons and Enchaà ®nement French words flow one into the next thanks to liaisons and enchaà ®nement. This causes problems not only in  speaking but in  listening comprehension  as well. The more you know about liaisons and enchaà ®nement, the better youll be able to speak and understand whats being spoken. Contractions In French, contractions are required. Whenever a short word like  je, me, le, la, or  ne  is followed by a word that begins with a vowel or H  muet, the short word drops the final vowel, adds an apostrophe, and attaches itself to the following word. This is not optional, as it is in English - French contractions are required. Thus, you should never say je  aime or le  ami - it is always  jaime  and  lami. Contractions  never  occur in front of a French consonant (except H  muet). Euphony It may seem odd that French has specific rules about ways to say things so that they sound prettier, but thats the way it is. Familiarize yourself with the various euphonic techniques so that your French sounds pretty too. Rhythm Ever heard anyone say that French is very musical? Thats partly because there are no stress marks on French words: all syllables are pronounced at the same intensity (volume). Instead of stressed syllables or words, French has rhythmic groups of related words within each sentence. Its kind of complicated, but if you read my lesson youll get an idea of what you need to work on.

What is the operating system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is the operating system - Essay Example While most of the computers in use are using one form of OS, which perform similar functions, the operating systems can be divided into various types of OS. These are batch operating systems, real time operating systems, single user operating systems, multi-user operating systems, and the distributed operating systems. A batch processing operating system involves interaction between the processor and the computer user that is limited (Haldar & Haldar). The interaction can also be non-existent during the period when the computer is being used. The programs, as well as the data that are required in processing are collected and bunched together in the form of a bunch and are executed at the same time. This operating system is ideal where similar data is being processed; large data amounts are being processed, and where similar processing is used in the execution of data. The batch processing operating system is capable of identifying periods during which the processor is not in use, during which time the batches can be processed. The processing is automatic, which means that any intervention by the computer user is not needed. The real time operating system is another example. This operating system is capable of processing input simultaneously, as well as fast enough to impact the following process or input (Haldar & Haldar 25). This operating system is normally utilized for the control of complex computer systems that need increased processing like industrial systems and machinery. Another form of an operating system is the single user operating system that, as suggested by its title, is designed for use by one user for them to use the computer at one time. The multi-tasking operating system is an OS with several applications, which can be loaded at the same time and utilized in memory (Haldar & Haldar 35). The processor is capable of handling only a single application at one time. However, it is capable of switching from one application to a new one

Technological Advancements and Its Impact on Human Intellectual Research Paper

Technological Advancements and Its Impact on Human Intellectual Development - Research Paper Example The intention is to prove that modern advances in technology affect the development of the human brain, especially children, whose brain development still ongoing. With this acknowledged, the next thing is to ascertain the impact of these changes. The question is to what extent does technology affect development, and does this effect make the person a better human being or more intellectual one than those whose intellectual development is not influenced by technology? On one part, technology is good, but on the other, not being so cultured does not necessarily mean that intellectual development is impaired. The best way to prove this argument is to contrast the development of children who are exposed to technological changes such as in urban areas, against children of the same age not as much exposed to technology, most likely in the rural areas (Society for Research in Child Development 2009). It has been indicated in various studies that the reason some people from certain regions and cultures do well or poorly in intellectual quotient tests is not because they are very capable or intellectually challenged, but because the tests do not reflect how their minds have been developed and hence, the subjects cannot identify with the challenges posed there in. The only predisposition towards the topic is concurrence with Michael Baylor (quoted in Patoine, 2008), the world knows too little about the effects of technology on human intellectual development than is necessary, hence the need for the study. On one part, changes in intellectual development caused by technological advancements work to better the affected and make them adjust faster to their environment, enabling them to survive in the new environment. On the other part, such changes do not make the affected better individual as compared to non affected persons. The paper will follow four basic planning steps namely: choosing of the topic which is

How Does Deforestation Impact Birds?

How Does Deforestation Impact Birds? INTRODUCTION This assignment is based on the impact of deforestation on bird communication. Basically, there are two ways in which birds communicate, that is by powerful sight and vocal sound. They also have an important hearing also since they would have to different sounds produced by their own kind. Hearing is actually affected by noise produced from their environment. Because they have to fly all the time their vision has to be very active hence, they are well protected by nictating glands. They dont have binocular vision and this permit them to view all round vision. These well developed senses help birds to live in their habitat without much disturbance since they detect change quickly and migrate to safer grounds. Deforestation on bird Communication It is stated by (Raven 1988) that two-thirds of the worlds species are found in the tropical rainforest. Due to advance technologies and the demands of the worlds population for adequate survival there has been rapid deforestation increase globally that has resulted in extinction of species. Since most species are not discovered as yet, an accurate record on the loss of species may not be present. Only the ones registered under the IUCN will be accounted for. Generally, the total number of species lost globally will be difficult to retrieve rather than species found in a given region. Species that are not endemic will become threatened/endangered easily due to the fact that they havent yet be rediscovered. In todays world deforestation has made a great impact on bird communication by influencing their habitat and lifestyle simultaneously hence, emphasis is being placed to rectify the forthcoming effect on this outcome. Deforestation is known as the removal or destruction of large areas of rainforest and vegetation to fulfill the needs of the population. More than 80% of the earths natural forest have been removed already (national geographic). This activity is carried out by loggers who see this as a job opportunity since, it is being enhanced into lumber used for construction and decorative purposes. Loggers do this on a large scale without allowing the forest to revive. Farmers clear natural vegetation by the common slash and burn method, among others for agricultural purposes in which they gain an income and consume for survival. When the soil becomes depleted of nutrients they clear another area and leaves the former to erode away rather than replant. Natural disaster also plays a part in deforestation, some parts in the US have extensive forest fires that removes forest lives at extreme temperature. Forested areas is being exploited by policy makers to allocate housing for the growing populati on and mining activities to provide jobs for individuals. Construction of dams to maintain a affordable lifestyle for humans have also lead to deforestation and removal of biodiversity for comforting one population neglecting the others. Because of these activities other organisms has to pay the price by being endangered. There will be a reduction of biodiversity since their habitat is destroyed and those who can adapt very quickly will have no problem. Flooding of ecosystem will take place due to erosion of soil and no vegetation to infiltrate water hence, water table will be lowered. Limited space will be provided for adapted animals to share so their foraging activities will be reduced along with food supply. Drought will be more common since temperature will rise, surface water and that of plants will not be available for evaporation hence, amount of rainfall will be reduced. Lastly, there will be an increase in greenhouse effect which leads to global warming. Stated in NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC article â€Å" Trees are natural consumers of CO2 which is one of the greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming by building up in atmosphere. Destruction of trees remove C-sink, release more CO2 by tree burning and decomposition.† Picture below shows large scale deforestation. Bird communication basically when a bird sings to claim a personal territory (Dr. Lee). They  tend to mark a particular property in a particular place which they need to do to show ownership among species. The sound is produced by their vocal organ or syrinix located between the junction of their trachea and bronchi. It is used as a communicatory device and also as body language communication to suit their environment and various situations in reply to their lifestyle and ecological behaviour. These include their feeding and foraging behaviour, they require large space among species to gain access to food. Hence, they sing to mark their territory of food and give indication for colleagues to feed. They would want no intruder and tend to extend their territory for alternative food supply. They give a warning call when they sense danger and also make sounds to evade predators. In some cases they use silence as a warning call so they wouldnt be detected by predators e.g. hawk. During flocking and social behaviour sound is needed to communicate among themselves and even others, in fighting and marking territory, courtship and mating, in nesting and parental behaviour and finally, in the display of male dominance. All these behavioural pattern requires a different sound to distinguish what sort of situation they are in before one can actually render assistance. Birds live conspecific in their habitat, by doing so they create a niche that would benefit them in every possible way such as easy feeding access, a range to forage in and a habitat they could call their own. The range would provide birds with food so that there will be no need for them to waste energy to acclimatize to a new source hence, feeding becomes accessible anywhere, anytime in that particular habitat unless there is disruption. Since their metabolic rates are high they would require a large amount of food hence, they have to indulge in foraging activities to supply themselves. After constantly ex ploiting a habitat they would have to adjust to new food sources or find other resources, thus a new habitat will be selected as long as they can survive efficiently. Thereby, more large spaces becomes available for them to graze and procreate. Deforestation entails the complete displacement of bird species or habitat loss by the large scale removal of canopy, trees and vegetation. These places provide a source of shelter and food for birds. In the trees most birds dwells especially when humidity is low, they rest and cool down in trees. In this thick vegetation a wide range of shade is provided hence, the area would have a lot of other wildlife that is used as s source of food for birds so they wouldnt have to fly long distances in search of food. There will also a continuous supply of of plant matter that specific birds feed on thus, these components will provide a community of bird species to inhabit this region. The removal of trees decrease the food supply of birds and they would have no place to call their habitat. There will be an imbalance of ecosystem. Birds will have to find new habitat to acquire their daily nutrient requirements. This may pose a problem since, there is no guarantee that the niche would be empty to accept birds. Other species may live there hence, food has to be shared and intrusion of privacy may occur. Some birds can tolerate these condition while others cant so you will find that the ones to adapt to this environment will survive (survival of the fittest) while the other will continue to roam if they find no satisfactoryly place their number will gradually decrease leading to extinction because there is no food to supply them. Now, if too many species inhabit the same habitat competition will lead to some species dying out and that habitat will be exploited over a short period of time. The cutting down of trees would leave the top soil vulnerable to leaching and erosion and void of any meaningful life. This would mean that birds who act as pollinating agent will not be able to do so anymore so land is left to become barren. Regrowth may take many years to occur. In well established habitat various species would create microhabitat in which they can carry out their person al activities such as breeding and reproduction. If no home is present birds cannot lay hence, their population will be reduced. They are also more exposed to predator since they will have no hiding space leaving more chances for them to become endangered. Birds in this state would have no social life since they would have to keep moving and get accustomed to new species, even if their used to be a benefit for their survival. The environment will also become unsuitable for mating since there will be no site for courtship because there will be a lack of provision of basic materials. In terms of nesting, materials will not be available to construct a comfortable nest for young to survive. When mother would go in search of food to feed them they will be more prone to predators since they will not be able to run away or defend themselves by flying high in trees because their is none and they would not be strong enough to give a warning call or produce a sound that would scare predator a way so they are being feasted upon. There will be no territory to mark since they lose all their living and feeding habitat. The land becomes dry and barren over time hence, tamper with the the nature and influence life forms in forested areas. Land becomes unproductive and serves no purpose. In the cases of natural deforestation it can be beneficial in some ways. It removes the vegetation cover but it also brings with it a rejuvenation of forest by adding other nutrients that can make the area favourable for a new group of species. It provides a variability of ecosystem over a period of time. Artificial deforestation change the whole balance of an ecosystem and birds lifestyle. It exhaust the soil and invade wildlife species. It weaken a forest resilience ability by exploitation of its resources and presistence. In Central Amazonia some species of galliform birds that disperses seed is being threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction (Mr. Borges). Because of deforestation there is need now for the conservation of these birds. Their reproduction is limited if they arent present in their natural environment. They tend to survive quite adequately in a regrown forest. In Southeast Asia there is quite a few numbers of threatened bird species (Thomas Brooks et al). this is due to the large scale deforestation done, which was suppose to held develop the countries. He thought only endemic bird would be prone to extinction. Based on the result he collected there was fluctuation between increased and decreased number of species. He concluded that deforestation affects species with small range and also bird species that will become extinct is very similar to the ones listed as threatened. In Australia a survey was done on quite similar bird species (Westphal et al) which showed that these birds adapted well to changes made in a few places in their inhabited forested area. They were able to live comfortably without making changes to their lifestyle. These birds are small and are very long distance flyers so they can adapt very easily. Based on the following investigation it can be concluded that some birds are vulnerable to complete habitat destruction. Some birds can withstand partial destruction of their habitat while some can adapt to the changing environment. This is due to the nature and structure of the birds as in how quickly they can do things for themselves i.e. some birds can fly and some cant and so on. If forested areas are gradually disappearing, some time in the future all birds are bound to be affected due to increasing predator-prey relationship, place to shelter and mostly because of a decline in food supply. To combat a situation like this policy makers are calling on leaders around the world to make a change. This can be done by sustainable forestry where parts of the forest removed is being replaced before it can be used again. In doing so, CO2 level will not increase in the atmosphere hence, more fresh oxygenated air will be available for bird to breathe in. Reforestation should also be carrie d out in areas than was completely exploited. This may take years so the future species will benefit if we start now since it is not a money consuming process. The little forest that remains should be conserved by using it wisely so that wildlife can be preserved and eco-forestry can be established. In other words by just having a forest pays, people actually pays to have a view of the various bird species worldwide. Legal wildlife trade can also be carried out to expand species richness. In addition to the decline of birds due to deforestation, it is not yet fully understood since much effects of this hasnt been stated clearly. A report carried out by (Duston et al) noted that in primitive times when deforestation was minimum bird species was still going extinct even before they became known to science but no reason was recorded for this. This must have been because the birds were hugh and clumsy hence, they were hunted to extinction. Most of them must have been flightless, competed for food and environmental conditions became unfavourable. Thus, modern birds evolve more efficiently for fast flight and increased activities. REFERENCES www://henriquebourges/artikelen/surinam/Z/Zwarte%20Hokko1 09/1988.pdf/09/11/10th geographic.com/eye/deforestation/effect.html/1996-2009/09/11/10th farmerking/avianbiology/vol1,2,34/1971/academicpress/n.ylondon/09/11/13th http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:10074/hp_le_18/2003.pdf/0911/10th

lots of words :: essays research papers

Why should we build up a Start-up vocabulary quickly? Draft v1.1. August 4, 2002 Rob Waring This page is at http://www1.harenet.ne.jp/~waring/vocab/principles/early.htm ?@ Abstract This article will examine the reasons why it is important both linguistically and psychologically to build a vocabulary quickly when learning a foreign language. The article asserts that very little can be achieved or learned in a foreign language with a small vocabulary and that by building a sizable vocabulary quite quickly one can soon be able to function adequately. You may also wish to look at http://www.jalt-publications.org/tlt/files/95/feb/meara.html ?@ Introduction ?@ It is obvious that in order to learn a foreign language one needs to learn many many words. But how many? Educated English native speakers have a vocabulary of about 20,000-25,000 word families (A 'word family' refers to a group of words that share the same basic meaning e.g. create, creation, creating, created, creative etc), foreign learners of English need far fewer[1].The speaking vocabulary is usually said to be half of the reading and writing vocabulary. Foreign learners of English only need about 3000-5000 word families to be quite competent in speaking and listening to English. This is great news for learners of English because their task is much easier than that of native speakers! ?@ One of the reasons for this seemingly small number is the nature of words and the frequency with which they appear in a language. Not all words are equal because some words such as time, the, come, make, and so on are very common whereas others such as parasol, bombastic and edifice are relatively rare and not met everyday. It therefore seems clear that these frequent words should be among the first words to learn because they will be met most often and will be needed frequently in speech or writing. Thus the pay off for learning them is higher than for an average rare word. These words are often called a General Service Vocabulary because these words are found in many kinds of situations and domains. This is a vocabulary of about 2000 word families. The best list (although it is a bit dated is Michael West's 1954 list called the General Service Word List.) These General Service words are found a very very wide range of contexts such as in the medical world, in novels, in scientific reports, on web pages, in daily conversation, in politics and so on. Because these words appear in so many contexts they are extremely useful to almost all learners.

Impact of mobile and internet banking Essay

Abstract Financial institutions have been in the process of significant transformation. The force behind the transformation of these institutions is innovation in information technology. Information and communication technology is at the Centre of this global change curve of mobile and internet banking in Kenya. Rapid development of information technology has made banking tasks more efficient and cheaper. This study sought to  determine the impact of mobile and internet-banking on performance of financial institutions in Kenya where the survey was conducted on financial institutions in Nairobi. The study also sought to identify the extent of use of mobile and internet banking in financial institutions. The study investigated 30 financial institutions. The study found that the most prevalent internet banking service is balance inquiry while the least is online bill payment. Cash withdrawal was the most commonly used mobile banking service whereas purchasing commodities was the least commonly used. CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION. Background of the study Mobile banking is an innovation that has progressively rendered itself in pervasive ways cutting across several financial institutions and other sectors of the economy. During the 21st century mobile banking advanced from providing mere text messaging services to that of pseudo internet banking where customers could not only view their balances and set up multiple types of alerts but also transact activities such as fund transfers, redeem loyalty coupons, deposit cheques via the mobile phone and instruct payroll based transactions (Vaidya 2011). The world has also become increasingly addicted to doing business in the cyber space, across the internet and World Wide Web. Internet commerce in its own respect has expanded in various innovative forms of money, and based on digital data issued by private market actors, has in one way or another substituted for state sanctioned bank notes and checking accounts as customary means of payments (Cohen 2001). Technology has greatly advanced playing a major role in improving the standards of service delivery in the financial institution sector. Days are long gone when customers would queue in the banking halls waiting to pay their utility bills, school fees or any other financial transactions. They can now do this at their convenience by using their ATM cards or over the internet from the comfort of their homes. Additionally due to the tremendous growth of the mobile phone industry most financial institutions have ventured into the untapped opportunity and have partnered with mobile phone network providers to offer banking services to their clients. ATM  banking is one of the earliest and widely adopted retail e-banking services in Kenya (Nyangosi et al. 2009). However according to an annual report by Central Bank of Kenya its adoption and usage has been surpassed by mobile banking in the last few years (CBK 2008). The suggested reason for this is that many low income earners now have access to mobile phones. A positive aspect of mobile phones is that mobile networks are available in remote areas at a low cost. The poor often have greater familiarity and trust in mobile phone companies than with normal financial institutions. Banking In general terms, banking is the business activity of accepting and safeguarding money owned by other individuals and entities and then lending out this money in order to earn a profit. The Banking Act of Kenya defines banking to mean the accepting from members of the public of money on deposit repayable on demand or at the expiry of a fixed period or after notice, the accepting from members of the public of money on current account and payment and acceptance of checks and the employing of money held on deposit or on current account or any part of it by lending, investment or in any other manner for the account and the risk of the person so employing the money. Currently Kenya has 43 licensed commercial banks of these, 31 are locally owned and 12 are foreign owned. Citibank, Habib Bank, standard chartered and Barclays Bank are among the foreign-owned financial institutions in Kenya. The government of Kenya has a substantial stake in three of Kenya’s commercial banks. The remaining local commercial banks are largely family owned. Commercial banks in Kenya accept deposits from individuals and make a profit by using the deposits to offer loans to businesses at high interest rates. These banks are regulated by the Central Bank Act and the Companies’ Act, which stipulates the activities they should be engaged in, the rules on publishing of financial statements, minimum capital requirements as well as reserve requirements. Examples of new innovations in the Kenyan banks include adoption of ATMs, smart cards, internet and mobile banking as discussed below. Mobile banking Mobile banking (m-banking) refers to provision and availment of banking and  financial services through the help of mobile telecommunication devices. The scope of offered services may include facilities to conduct bank and stock market transactions, administer accounts and to access customized information. Mobile networks in Kenya offer m-money services in the name of M-pesa by Safaricom, Orange money by Orange, Yu-cash by Essar, and Airtel money by Airtel. Currently the mobile money market size is about 15 million users transferring Kshs. 2 billion daily, of these over 14 million are Mpesa customers. M-money providers have partnered with commercial banks such as Equity Bank, I&M Bank, and Kenya Commercial Bank, Barclays and Co-operative to offer mobile based financial products that aim to reach the unbanked. Internet banking Internet banking (e-banking) is the use of internet and telecommunication networks to deliver a wide range of value added products and services to bank customers (Steven, 2002) through the use of a system that allows individuals to perform banking activities at home or from their offices or over the internet. Some online banks are traditional banks which also offer online banking, while others are online only and have no physical presence. Online banking through traditional banks enables customers to perform all routine transactions, such as account transfers, balance inquiries, bill payments, and stop-payment requests, and some even offer online loan applications. Customers can access account information at any time, day or night, and this can be done from anywhere. Internet banking has improved banking efficiency in rendering services to customers. Financial institutions in Kenya cannot ignore information systems since they play an important role in their operations because custome rs are conscious of technological advancements and demand higher quality services. Problem Statement A fundamental assumption of most recent research in operations improvement and operations learning has been that technological innovation has a direct bearing on performance improvement (Upton and Kim, 1999). Strategic management in financial institutions demand that they should have effective systems in place to counter unpredictable events that can sustain their operations while minimizing the risks involved through  technological innovations. Only financial institutions that are able to adapt to their changing environment and adopt new ideas and business methods have guaranteed survival. Some of the forces of change which have impacted the performance of financial institutions mainly include technological advancements such as use of mobile phones and the internet. Since the beginning of e-banking Kenyan financial institutions have witnessed many changes. Customers now have access to fast, efficient and convenient banking services. Most financial institutions in Kenya are investing large sums on money in information and communication technology (ICT). However while the rapid development of ICT has made some banking tasks more efficient and cheaper, technological advancements have their fair share of problems; for example they take a large share of bank resources, plastic card fraud particularly on lost and stolen cards and counterfeit card fraud. Thus there is a need to manage costs and risks associated with internet banking. It is crucial that internet banking innovations be made through sound analysis of risks and costs associated to avoid harm on banks performance. Bank performance is directly dependent on efficiency and effectiveness of internet banking and on the other hand tight controls in standards to prevent losses associated with internet banking. In order not to impair on their prosperity, financial institutions need to strike a balance between tight controls and standards in efficiency of internet banking. This is only possible if the effects of internet banking on financial institutions and its customers are well analyzed and understood. Mobile money has emerged as a strong competition to financial institutions in Kenya. Initially cellular phones were developed to improve communication from the earlier primitive forms of communications such as smoke and drums. Financial institutions introduced ICT as an improvement to the banking channels. This has thus enabled bank customers’ access information relating to their accounts, (Tiwari, Buse and Herstatt, 2007.). In this regard mobile phone service providers have taken mobile money services deeper into the financial sector by offering a range of financial services through their networks. The CBK and the Communication Commission of Kenya (CCK) have allowed service providers to offer mobile money services as there appears to be no reprieve as competition in the mobile money business is still heating up with entry of new money transfer systems which now allow transactions across all mobile  telephone service providers like M-pesa. Objectives of the study. The study objectives are: To establish the impact of mobile and internet banking on the performance of financial institutions in Kenya. To establish the extent of use of mobile and internet banking in financial institutions in Kenya. Significance of the study The study will be crucial to emerging financial institutions as it will provide answers to the factors against the implementation of internet banking in Kenya, prove of the success and growth associated with the implementation of internet banking and highlight the areas of banking operations that can be enhanced via internet banking. It is equally significant for bank executives and indeed the policy makers of the banks and financial institutions to be aware of internet banking as a product of internet commerce with a view to making strategic decisions. The study is also expected to give an insight on the state of mobile money services as a competition to the commercial banks in Kenya and the factors that have greatly influenced its growth. Players in the financial institution sector and telecommunications industry will find the study useful as they can use the findings to strategize on how they can mutually benefit from this development. Finally, our study adds to the existing literature, and is a valuable tool for students, academicians, institutions, corporate managers and individuals who want to learn more about mobile and internet banking. Limitations of the study In undertaking this study a number of challenges were faced. There was bureaucracy in getting approval to respond to questionnaires with most institutions insisting that permission be sought from the Chief Executive Officer or Human Resource Manager. This led to delays in obtaining the required responses for data analysis in time. Some customers were unwilling to divulge information and seemed to not have time to fill in the questionnaires. CHAPTER TWO. Literature Review. This chapter seeks to explore in depth the concept of internet and mobile banking through a review of the various theories as well as empirical studies. Theoretical framework Theory of information production and contemporary banking theory Diamond (1984) suggested that economic agents may find it worthwhile to produce information about possible investment opportunities if this information is not free; for instance surplus units could incur substantial search costs if they were to seek out borrowers directly. There would be duplication of information production costs if there were no banks as surplus units would incur considerable expenses in seeking out the relevant information before they commit funds to a borrower. Banks enjoy economies of scale and have expertise in processing information related to deficit units (borrowers). They may obtain information upon first contact with borrowers but in real sense it’s more likely to be learned over time through repeated dealings with the borrower. As they develop this information they develop a credit rating and become experts in processing information. As a result they have an information advantage and depositors are willing to place funds with a bank knowing that this will be directed to the appropriate borrowers without the former having to incur information costs. Bhattacharya and Thakor (1993) contemporary banking theory suggests that banks, together with other financial intermediaries are essential in the allocation of capital in the economy. This theory is centered on information asymmetry, an assumption that â€Å"different economic agents possess different pieces of information on relevant economic variables, in that agents will use this information for their own profit† (Freixas and Rochet 1988). Asymmetric information leads to adverse selection and moral hazard problems. Asymmetric information problem that occurs before the transaction occurs and is related to the lack of information about the lenders charact eristics, is known as adverse selection. Moral hazard takes place after the transaction occurs and is related with incentives by the lenders to behave opportunistically. Innovation diffusion theory Mahajan and Peterson (1985) defined an innovation as any idea, object or practice that is perceived as new by members of the social system and defined the diffusion of innovation as the process by which the innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among members of social systems. Diffusion of innovation theory attempts to explain and describe the mechanisms of how new inventions in this case internet and mobile banking is adopted and becomes successful Clarke (1995). Sevcik (2004) stated that not all innovations are adopted even if they are good it may take a long time for an innovation to be adopted. He further stated that resistance to change may be a hindrance to diffusion of innovation although it might not stop the innovation it will slow it down. Rogers (1995) identified five critical attributes that greatly influence the rate of adoption. These include relative advantage,compatibility,complexity,triability and observability.According to Rogers, the rate of adoption of new innovations will depend on how an organization perceives its relative advantage, compatibility, triability,observability and complexity.If an organization in Kenya observes the benefits of mobile and internet banking they will adopt these innovations given other factors such as the availability of the required tools. Adoption of such innovations will be faster in organizations that have internet access and information technology departments than in organizations without. Empirical studies Internet banking Recent literature has a narrow focus and ignores internet banking almost entirely; it equates internet money with the substitution of currency with internet gadget. For instance Freedman (2000) suggests that internet banking and internet money consists of three devices; access devices, stored value cards, and network money. Internet banking is simply the access to new devices and is therefore ignored. Internet money is the sum of stored value (smart cards) and network money (value stored on computer hard drives). Santomero and Seater (1996), Prinz (1999) and Shy and Tarkka (2002) present models that identify conditions under which alternative payments substitute for currency. Most of these models indicate that there is at least a  possibility for internet substitutes for currency to emerge and flourish on a wide scale depending on the characteristics of the various technology and those of the potential users. Friedman (1999), intimated that internet banking presents the possibility that an entire alternative payment system not under the control of the Central Bank may arise. Today computers make it at least possible to bypass the payment system altogether, instead using direct bilateral clearing and settlement (Friedman, 1999). Trends in mobile and internet banking in Kenya With the emerging wave of information driven economy, the banking industry in Kenya has inevitably found itself unable to resist technological indulgence. This has led to a boom in development of mobile banking laying down a strong base for low cost banking, and growth of mobile phone use in rural Kenya. Standard Chartered in 2009 launched its mobile banking in seven markets in Africa. In the Kenyan market it offers a number of services on a unique, user-friendly platform called Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) and is only available on GSM carrier networks which enable customers to access banking in real time, anywhere in the world, through their mobile phones. The platform is a convenient menu-driven application that is not dependent on specific customer handsets and does not need to be downloaded. Barclays bank’s m-banking platform is known as ‘hello money’. It allows customers to carry their bank in their mobile and access banking services anytime/anywhere on the move. Unlike other players in the sector this is all for free. Co-operative bank pioneered mobile banking way back in 2004 by enabling customers to access their accounts and transact using their mobile phones. It offers services such as balance enquiries, mini-statements, SMS alerts on credit and debit transactions to an account, pay utility bills and funds transfer. Equity bank on the other hand has its own m-banking platform known as Eazzy 24/7 offering services similar to those of co-operative bank. Telephone and PC banking is a facility that enables customers, via telephone calls, find out about their position with their bankers by merely dialing the telephone numbers given to them by the banks. In addition, the computers on the phone would require special codes given to the customers as a mea ns of identification of authentic users before they can receive any information they requested for. Telephone and PC banking brings the bank to the doorstep  of the customer, it does not require the customer to leave his premises. The card system is a unique internet payment type. Smart cards are plastic devices with embedded integrated circuit being used for settlement of financial obligations. Depending on the sophistication, it can be used as a Credit Card, Debit Card and ATM cards. The cards are internetally loaded with cash value and can be carried around like cash and store information on a microchip. The microchip contains a â€Å"purse† in which value is held internetally. In addition, it also contains security programs which protect transactions between one card user and the other. It can also be transferred directly to a retailer, merchant or any other outlet to pay for goods and services, and like cash, transactions between individuals without the need for banks or any other third parties. Also, the system does not require central clearing, it is valued immediat ely. CHAPTER THREE. Research Methodology A research methodology guides the researcher in collecting, analyzing and interpreting observed facts (Bless and Achola, 1988). This chapter introduces the logical framework to be followed in the process of conducting the study. It is divided into: research design, population and sample, data collection and data analysis. Research Design According to McMillan and Schumacher (2001) a research design is a plan for selecting subjects, research sites and data collection procedures to answer the research questions. It is the conceptual framework within which research is conducted and constitutes the blueprint for the collection of data and the analysis thereof of the collected data Based on the purpose of the study and the type of data involved, descriptive and qualitative research designs were used. The goal was to provide a clear understanding of mobile and internet banking and its usage in financial institutions and therefore conclude on the impact it has had on their performance. Qualitative data was collected from the managers, subordinate staff as well as from customers of the financial institutions. Population and Sample. Cooper and Emory (1995) define population as the total collection of elements about which the researcher wishes to make some inferences. An element is the subject on which the measurement is being taken and is the unit of the study. The population of interest in this study consisted of 61 financial institutions operating in Kenya of which only 30 responded. The managers, employees and customers were targeted as the key respondents. There was a need to sample the population because not all the population elements use mobile and internet banking. The study therefore used stratified sampling. This is the process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling. The strata should be mutually exclusive: every element in the population must be assigned to only one stratum. Financial institutions were classified according to microfinance institutions, SACCOS and commercial banks where 2 microfinance institutions, 11 SACCOS and 17 commercial banks were sampled . Data Collection. Primary sources were used in data collection. Open and close-ended questionnaires were administered to target respondents. In total two questionnaires were delivered: one to managers and employees and another to customers. They purposed to find out information regarding the level of usage of mobile and internet banking, demographics of the customers, services offered and used, level of satisfaction, impact on performance, opportunities for growth and challenges faced through the use of mobile and internet banking. This instrument allowed for cost and time savings for the respondents as well as the researchers. Data Analysis According to Bryman and Bell (2003) data analysis refers to a technique used to make inferences from data collected by means of a systematic and objective identification of specific characteristics. Once data is collected it has to be edited to verify to the completeness of data, coded in order to assign numbers or symbols to the various answers for effective categorization/classification, entered in order to convert the information gathered to a medium for viewing and manipulation (e.g. excel or statistical  package for social sciences SSPS) and finally displayed through the use of frequency tables and charts. Collected data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative measures. Qualitative data regarding customer level satisfaction, challenges faced demographics and services provided and used were analyzed using content analysis to measure the semantic contents of the message. Qualitative data was analyzed using statistical data analysis. The data was tabulated in pie-cha rts, tables and graphs for easier understanding and presentation. Data Analysis and Interpretation This section presents the data analysis, findings and discussion of the study in line with the research objectives of the study, the study’s research objective was to establish the impact of mobile and internet banking on financial performance of financial institutions in Kenya. To achieve the objective the research raised a number specific objective; to establish the extent of use of mobile banking and the extent of use of internet banking in financial institutions in Kenya. Data analysis The response rate of the questionnaires from the three types of institutions under study was fairly high, out of the 98 questionnaires sent to the respondents, 64 questionnaires both from customers and managers/employees were returned for analysis. To enhance the quality of the data obtained structured questions were used whereby the respondents were asked to give various indicators on mobile and internet banking. Various data were collected to satisfy this study in accordance with the methodology. The software that was used for the following analysis was Microsoft excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Summary The study revealed that among the financial institutions surveyed, commercial banks had the highest usage of internet banking at 43.3%, SACCOs had the second highest usage of internet banking whereas none of the microfinance institutions used internet banking.Amongst all the financial institutions surveyed commercial banks had the highest usage of mobile banking, SACCOs the second highest whereas MFIs had the least usage of mobile banking even though all of them used mobile banking. Of the services provided by financial institutions via internet banking the service that customers used most was online balance inquiry (40%) whereas the least used service was online bill payment (3.3%). According to the financial institutions the customer turn out level was high (63.3%) as a result of the use of internet banking. 66.7% of the respondents indicated that internet banking had a positive impact on performance whereas only 6.7% indicated that it had not impacted on performance of the financi al institutions Conclusion The study was able to achieve the set objectives; to explore the impact of mobile and internet banking on performance of financial institutions, as well as the extent of use of mobile and internet banking, by surveying a representative sample of financial institutions within Nairobi. The study found that commercial banks had the highest rate of usage of internet  banking among the financial institutions sampled. SACCOS are slowly adopting internet banking, while micro finance institutions have not yet adopted internet banking. The study revealed that the most prevalent internet banking services were seeking product rate information and the use of online credit cards. Since its introduction in mid-2005, the adoption of internet banking has been slow due to impaired unavailability of infrastructure and lack of supportive legislation for internet banking (Nyangosi et al 2009). However the adoption of internet banking has enhanced performance of the banking industry due to increased efficiency, effectiveness and productivity. The study found that mobile banking faces various challenges among them being, system delays by the mobile money transfer service providers, slow processing of transactions especially during the weekends, high transactions costs, limit on the amount of money that can be withdrawn in a day and fraud. These challenges can be solved through regular maintenance of mobile money transfer systems which will help in managing the systems’ capacity and in turn address the problem of transaction delays and improve customer service through speedy support and lower user charges. Suggestions for further study The study focused on the impact of internet and mobile banking on financial performance of financial institutions in Kenya while its evident its rampant growth impacts on the overall economy as well. Therefore, a study should be conducted to investigate the impact of mobile and internet banking on the economy.The study found that mobile banking has been adopted at a faster rate than internet banking therefore a study needs to be conducted to investigate why this is the case. References: Berestien, A. (1998), Monetary Policy Implications of Digital Money, Kyklos, Vol. 51. Bhattacharya, S. and A. Thakor (1993), ‘’Contemporary Banking Theory,’’ Journal of Financial Intermediation 3, 2-50. 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(2000), Monetary Policy Implementation: Past, Present and Future-‘’Will Electronic Money Lead to the Eventual Demise of Central Banking?’’ International Finance, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 211-227 Freixas, X. and J.C. Rochet (1998), Microeconomics of banking, MIT Press. Friedman, B, (1999), the Future of Monetary Policy: The Central Bank as an Army with Only a Signal Corps?InternationalFinance, Vol.2, No.3, pp.321-338. Goodhart, E. (2000). Can Central Banking Survive the IT Revolution? InternationalFinance, Vol. 3, No.2.pp.189-209. Juniper Research, (2009). Mobile Banking Strategies: Applications, Opportunities and Markets 2010-2015. Kariuki, N. (2005), Six Puzzles in Electronic Money and Banking IMF Working Paper, IMF Institute. Vol. 19. February. Mcmillan & Schumaker (2001); Non-enforceable implementation of enterprise mobilization: and exploratory study of the critical success factors, Industrial Management & Data Systems, 105 (6), 786-814. Prinz, A. (1999), Money in, the Real and the Virtual World; E-Money, C-Money, and the Demand for CB-Money, Netnomics, Vol.1, pp.11-35. Santomero, A.M, and Seater J.J, (1986). Alternative Monies and the demand for Media of Exchange, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol.28, pp. 942-960. Steven A. (2002), Information Systems: The Information of E-Business, New Jersey: Natalie Anderson, pp.11-36 Tarkka, J.(2002), The Market for Electronic Cash Cards, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol.34, pp.299-314.

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